OF FILAMENTOUS, FRUTICULOSE, AND FOLIACEOUS LICHENS. 159 
Specimen 7.—ScHAERER exs. 641 (sub 6. turbinata squamulosa); in woods in 
the valley of the Lauen. The spermogones are small pale-brown barrels or flat- 
tened cones, fringing the terminal scyphi like so many teeth. The ostioles are 
very distinct; the spermogones are old, and contain no free spermatia. 
Specimen 8.—Var. verticillata, Fr., which occurs in Europe, America, and 
Australia; New Zealand, Antarctic Expedition, 1839-43, Dr Hooker. Specimen 
associated with C. aggregata. The spermogones are small, barrel-shaped, brown 
tubercles, with distinct ostioles, occurring on the margins of the scyphi. The sper- 
matia are curved and very delicate; about anth to azoth long. 
Specimen 9.—Var. verticillata, SCcHHRER exs. 62 (sub C. verticillata, A. dila- 
tata); on ground in alpine districts, Switzerland. The spermogones are precisely 
as in No. 8. 
Specimen 10.—Var. cervicornis, Ach. (syn. Cladonia or Cenomyce cervicornis of 
authors); Morven, Braemar, Professor Dickie of Belfast; in Herb. meo. The 
spermogones fringe the small, cup-like, dilated ends of the short narrow podetia, 
which spring at right angles from the horizontal foliose thallus. 
Specimen 11.—Var. cervicornis ; top of Muckish Mountain, County Donegal, 
Ireland, Professor Dickin; in Herb. meo.~ The podetia are very deformed, short, 
thick, and covered with warts or processes. The spermogones are dotted over 
the podetia themselves, as well as seated on the warts or processes just mentioned. 
Specimen 12.—Var. cervicornis ; Blaeberry Hill, Perth, April 1856, W. L. L.; 
very abundant; seldom bearing podetia or apothecia; in ceespitose thick tufts. 
On the margins of the scyphi, which terminate some of podetia, are a few broad. 
bulging, sub-spherical spermogones, with gaping ostioles. 
Specimen 13.—Var. cervicornis ; Ben Nevis, 1856, W. L. L. Large barrel- 
shaped spermogones occur, growing upright from the horizontal folioles, as well 
as fringing the scyphi on the longish delicate podetia. They are apt to be con- 
founded with the numerous abortive apothecia ; but their more regular form, and 
the presence of the ostiole, generally suffice to distinguish the spermogones. 
Specimen 14.—Var. cornuta ; Craig-y-Barns, Dunkeld, 1856, W. L. L. No 
apothecia; but largish, barrel-shaped, distinct spermogones fringe the scyphi. 
Speciinen 15.—Scu@RER exs. 66 (sub 6. hybrida, B. simplex); on the ground 
in alpine districts. Large, barrel-shaped spermogones fringe the scyphi, and are 
sometimes intermingled with apothecia on the same scyphus. 
SPECIES 7. C. squamosa, Hoffm., 
Like C. pyaidata, C. fimbriata, and C. gracilis, a cosmopolite. Indeed the genus 
Cladonia contains at least as many cosmopolite species as any other lichen-genus. 
There is great variety in C. squamosa in the form of the thallus, and equal variety 
in the site of the spermogones. They may be isolated and terminal; seated on 
the ends of long graceful cylindrical podetia, as in KorBER’s var. @ asperella ; or 
