162 DR LAUDER LINDSAY ON THE SPERMOGONES AND PYCNIDES 
and exceptional species, which is arranged in a sub-section by itself, Pycnothelia, 
Duf. Its spermogones, however, resemble those of C. pyaxidata. 
Specimen 1.— Appin and Ben Nevis; in Herb. Hooker, Kew. The podetia 
are largish and irregular, with abundant spermogones and apothecia. 
Specimen 2.— SCHARER exs. 511 (sub A. clavaia); heaths or moors, Switzer- 
land. The spermogones are mostly old; they are small, distinct, brown cones or 
papillze, scattered in groups on the sides of the large irregular podetia. The 
spermatia are about th long, chiefly straight or very slightly curved ; many of 
the sterigmata are hypertrophied and elongated. 
Specimen 3.—ScH@RER exs. 512 (sub B. molarifurmis, Hoffm.). Here the 
spermogones are somewhat differently disposed. They are largish, brown, distinct, 
irregular, flattened tubercles, seated directly on the thallus, like the apothecia of 
a Lecidea. The spermatia and sterigmataare as in all Cladonias. The former are 
crescent-shaped, and about sath long; the latter, with spermatia attached, 
measure about ;ath. 
Species ll. C. bellidiflora, Scher., 
Which inhabits cold, alpine, or sub-alpine regions in Europe and America. The 
spermogones of this and other species with red apothecia do not differ, except in 
colour, from those of species such as C. pyxidata, having brown fruit. Nor do 
the spores differ. Indeed, it admits of doubt whether the mere colour of the 
apothecia should be regarded as at all a good distinctive mark of sections or 
species of Cladonia; for the apothecia are occasionally indiscriminately red or brown 
in the same species. I am of those who would abolish the distinction, and would 
merge the phzeocarpous and erythrocarpous sections of NYLANDER into one. 
Specimen 1.—Ben Nevis, Aug. 1856, W. L. L.; form polycephala of Kors., p. 29. 
A few tub-shaped spermogones occur on the apices of narrow long cylindrical 
podetia,—the stronger podetia bearing on their summits apothecia. Spermogones 
also occur on the margins of indistinct scyphi. In some deformed sterile states 
they are abundantly scattered over the podetia towards their apices, as large, 
distinct, brown, broad-based cones, with a very patent ostiole. In other podetia, 
which are very foliose or squamulose, the large tub-shaped spermogones—among 
the largest indeed I have ever seen—are seated directly on these squamules or 
folioles, especially near the ends of the podetia. The cavity contains abundance 
of rose-coloured mucilage, in which are imbedded curved spermatia, about zath 
long. ‘The sterigmata are of the usual characters, as described in C. pywidata. 
it is note-worthy that the colour of these spermogones externally is brown, and 
that their envelope consists of a brownish cellular tissue. Their cavity is 
simple. 
Specimen 2.—SCHARER exs. 39 (sub C. bellidiflora, B. ampullifera); on ground 
and stones in alpine districts, Switzerland. The scyphi bear no apothecia; but 

