168 DR LAUDER LINDSAY ON THE SPERMOGONES AND PYCNIDES 
British North America (sub nom. C. furcata, var. subcrispata, Nyl., and C. 
crispata, Ach., Nyl., both of which seem referrible to racemosa); apothecia and 
spermogones both well formed. All the specimens comprised in No. 13 are in the 
Herb. Hooker, Kew. ; 
Specimen 14.—Var. pungens, Ach. (syn. C. pungens, Delise, Hook. British 
Flora, 235; Kors., 35; C. furcata e. rangiformis, Scu. Enum. 202; C. furcatary. 
fruticosa, Sou. exs. 459). This variety graduates into racemosa, and both into 
C. rangiferina. They are chiefly distinguished usually by their squamulose 
surface, gray colour, and ramose character. Blaeberry Hill, Perth, April 1856, - 
W.L.L. The podetia vary much; some are turgid, thick, short, and covered 
profusely with scales or folioles; others are long, lax, and have more of the usual 
character of furcata. The turgid pale form closely resembles C. rangiferina, 
from which it is sometimes scarcely distinguishable. In all forms the spermo- 
gones are brown barrels, seated on erect apices of the ramuscles; they differ 
much in size, being short and broad, or elongated and narrow. 
Specimen 15.—Var. pungens ; old road to Caerlaverock, Dumfries, on a wall, 
April 1856, W. L. L. The podetia are of a light gray colour, and covered in- 
feriorly with squamules, superiorly with granules. The spermatia are straight, 
and of unusual length; the sterigmata are also longer than usual—some of them 
being articulated, as in No. 7, which is nearly identical with this variety also 
as to the thallus. 
Specimen 16.—Var. pungens (sub Bwomyces pungens), Thetford ; also Esher 
Common, Surre y; in Herb. Hooker, Kew. Spermogones abundant. 
SPEcIES 20. C. rangiferina, Hoffm., 
A cosmopolite species, and one of the most familiar of the Cladonias. Its chief 
varieties, according to NYLANDER, are sylvatical, and alpestris, L.; like their 
type, both are cosmopolites. The spermogones are quite the same in the varieties 
as inthe type. These varieties have not, I think, any good distinctive characters, 
unless in regard to the height, strength, and ramoseness of the thallus ; in a/pestris, 
the thallus is very ramose, and the ramuscles densely aggregated and thyrsiform. 
In general terms, the spermogones of this species are those of C. furcata, both in 
regard to site, appearance, and structure; they are uniformly, however, smaller 
in all their dimensions. The apices of the ramuscles on which they are seated, or 
which they constitute, are frequently nodding, but frequently also erect, as in fur- 
cata. In arctic and antarctic specimens especially, the ramuscles of the thallus are 
extremely attenuated, and the spermogones are correspondingly so; in this case the 
latter are linear or ellipsoid bodies, giving a nigro-corniculate character to the tips 
of the ramuscles. The spermogones are generally grouped two or three together, 
in consequence of the bifurcation or further division of the ends of the ramuscles. 
Their cavity is simple. Their diameter is about ;;th; their length ath or th. 

