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OF FILAMENTOUS, FRUTICULOSE, AND FOLIACEOUS LICHENS. 177 
than base, and they vary much in length. Some of the cilia are bifid, or 
uregularly knobbed at the ends; these are always abortive or sterile. The 
function of these cilia is generally considered to be merely to act as pedicels to 
the spermogones. TULASNE speaks of two or three ebcemonaues sometimes being 
‘united ; this I have never seen. 
Specimen 6.—Mount Forster, near the top, Cape Horn; Dr Hooxer; in Herb. 
Hooker, Kew. The spermogoniferous marginal cilia are long and prominent. 
This and the preceding belong to var. crispa, Ach. 
Spectrs 2. C. aculeata, Fr., 
| Which occurs in America and Europe. The very ramose branches of the thallus 
| divide at their summit into very delicate ramuscles, short and divaricate, some of 
which resemble cilia or spinules. Some of the latter, again, have black or very 
deep-brown bulging tips; and these, under the lens, are found to be oval or oval- 
truncate spermogones, resembling the barrel-shaped ones of Cladonia rangiferina. 
The length of the spermogone scarcely exceeds th to ;,th, and that of its support or 
pedicelis about ;th. The spermatia are usually from sth to gath long, and sath 
broad. The terminal spinules here are analogous in function to the marginal 
ones in the preceding species. The thallus of the plant varies greatly in regard 
to the number and ramoseness of its branches, and the quantity of the spermo- 
goniferous or sterile spinules. 
Specimen 1.—Leicut. exs. 3, Haughmond Hill, Shropshire. The spermatia 
and sterigmata are so minute as to be with great difficulty seen. The ciliate- 
spinulose varieties, described by various authors, are probably cue spermogon- 
iferous states of the plant similar to this. 
GENUS II. Puatysma, Hof'm., Nyl. 
In this genus the spermogones generally occur as black or brown tubercles 
or cones, scattered on the crisped margins of the thalline lobes, to which they 
give more or less of a denticulate or nigro-ciliate character, as in P. nivale, cucul- 
latum, ciliare, and juniperinum. This has not escaped the older lichenologists, 
who have described such spermogoniferous states as varieties. Sometimes the 
spermogones occur on prolongations of, and from, the margins of the thallus, and 
occasionally, though very rarely, they are scattered on the flat surface of the 
thallus, as brown, grain-like bodies, seated on pale, inconspicuous, thalline papille, 
as in a form of sepincola. They are frequently very distinct and easily seen, from 
the contrast of their dark colour with the beautiful lemon-yellow of the thallus, 
as in nivale and cucullatum. The cavity of the spermogone is simple; the en- 
-velope deep-brown, of regular, distinct, roundish cells. The sterigmata are gene- 
rally formed of a few irregular articulated cells. The spermatia are straight and 
linear, about zath long, with a breadth of math to sawoth. NYLANDER describes 
VOL. XXII. PART I. 22 
