
OF FILAMENTOUS, FRUTICULOSE, AND FOLIACEOUS LICHENS. 189 
times triangular, chink-like, or stellate-fissured. In other specimens from the 
same locality, the spermogones are very minute papillee, scarcely conspicuous ; 
or there is merely a round black spot, perforated by an ostiole. This is an 
excellent species in which to study the spermogones of Umbilicaria. The sper- 
matia are rod-shaped. and short. The sterigmata are composed of short, thick- 
walled, roundish cellules. 
Specimen 2.—Top of Ben Lomond, August 1855, W. L. L. Spermogones are 
here also abundant, as largish sub-prominent cones or papillee. 
Specimen 3.—Morchone (or Morven), Braemar, August 1856, W. L.L. The 
spermogones are very abundant, and occur in a great variety of forms. In one 
specimen, which is polyphyllous, much curled and convex, the ostioles are very 
patent, and surrounded by a prominent black edge. They give the thallus the 
appearance of being studded over with a series of black perforations. In another 
specimen, where the thallus is of an ashey-gray colour, the spermogones are pro- 
minent as minute black papillee, with an indistinct ostiole. In others, the spermo- 
gones are old, hypertrophied, and degenerate; they have no ostiole, and appear as 
black, flat, large irregular disks or tubercles, scattered irregularly over the surface 
of the thallus, to which they give a curiously warted character. They are generally 
most abundant and best marked in specimens destitute of apothecia. Sometimes, 
again, the spermogones are black cones, seated on the flattened apex of a second 
and larger cone formed of the thallus; and these double cones are frequently very 
distinct when the thallus is of a pale colour. 
Specimen 4.—Hills above Loch Freuchie, Amulree, Perthshire, May 1856, 
W.L.L. Apothecia abundant; marginal cilia long and strong. The thallus is 
light-coloured ; the spermogonal papilla black and distinct; the ostiole distinct, 
stellate-fissured, but not very large. 
Specimen 5.—Ben Lawers, August 1855, Dr GitcuristT; no apothecia. Thallus 
being pale-gray, the spermogones are easily seen; they are distinct large black 
papillze, scattered chiefly about the margins of the thallus; many of them are 
irregular, flattened, large, and hypertrophied. The spermatia are about goth long, 
and very abundant. 
Specimen 6.—Lochnagar, Braemar, July 1855, A. Croatt. The margins of the 
thallus are almost naked; and the plant approaches U. proboscidea. The sper- 
mogones are large cones or tubercles, darker than the thallus, with a round, elun- 
gated or stellate-fissured ostiole. 
Specimen 7.—Top of Muckish Mountain, County Donegal, Ireland, Professor 
Dicxir. The thallus is chiefly monophylous; its margin fringed with short, 
coarse, rudimentary fibres; the colour gray, the surface cracked, the consistence 
leathery. There are noapothecia. Spermogones are abundant and distinct, from 
. contrast with the pale colour of the thallus; they are small, black papille. The 
spermatia are jth long, and sapth broad. 
VOL. XXII.'PART I. 3¢ 
