

OF FILAMENTOUS, FRUTICULOSE, AND FOLIACEOUS LICHENS. 215 
Specimen 3.—Medhari Pass, Kumaon, Himalayas, at an elevation of 8200 
feet; ex. Herb. Strachey and Winterbottom ; in Herb. Hooker, Kew (sub nom. 
P. scortea, Ach.) The thallus is smoothish ; the apothecia abundant. The sper- 
mogones are also plentiful, sometimes marked by black points, round or irregular, 
largish, seated on the summit of pale cone-like elevations of the thallus. Some- 
times they are confluent ; occasionally the black ostiole is depressed, and seated 
in the centre of a ring or macula of the thallus. 
Specimen 4.—Tasmania, Antarctic Expedition 1839-43, Dr Hooker ;. in 
Herb. meo; a small fragment on a twig, associated with Usnea barbata. It has 
no apothecia; but spermogones are abundant about the margins of the thallus, 
as distinct, black, round, papillar points, sometimes flattened, but never depressed. 
The spermatia are delicate needles, about zath long, seated on the apices and 
sides of articulated sterigmata, of the character described in No. 2. The cells or 
articulations, which compose the latter, differ much in length and breadth, though 
they are generally largish and cylindrical. 
Specimen 5.—On trees, Blankenburg, Hartz district, Germany; coll. Hamps, 
1846; exs. No. 43. Chinar, Kumaon, Himalayas, at 8700 feet; ex. Herb. 
Strachey and Winterbottom ; apothecia and spermogones abundant. Both organs 
also occur plentifully in specimens from New Zealand, coll. Cotenso; British 
North America, coll. Drummond; Ohio, U. S., America, coll. Lea (sub nom. 
P, galbina, Ach.) All these specimens are in Herb. Hooker, Kew. 
Specimen 6.—(Sub nom. P. submarginalis, Ach.) Canada, Carolina, and 
other parts of North America; in Herb. Hooker, Kew. This is a small form of 
the thallus, but the apothecia and spermogones alike are essentially those of 
P. tihiacea. The spermogones are black, punctiform, wholly immersed, and scat- 
tered about the ends of the lobes on their flat surface. 
SPECIES 6. /P. sinuosa, Ach. 
_ Almost a cosmopolite species. It is a most variable and puzzling species, and 
go closely resembles P. perlata, P. perforata, P. saxatilis, P. tiliacea, and other 
-Parmelias, as to be frequently confounded therewith. The apothecia are seldom 
met with, and the spermogones are generally neither abundant nor very distinct. 
There are several important varieties more or less well marked, viz. :— 
1. Var. hypothrix, Nyl., which includes, for the most part, P. carporrhizans, 
Tayl. It occurs both in Europe and in the Canary Islands. 
2. Var. relicina, Fr., which would appear to be marked chiefly by its yellow 
colour. This is not, however, a good, because not a constant, distinction. Speci- 
mens with a yellow thallus chiefly occur in foreign countries, such as America, 
Australia, and Java; but I have found them also occasionally in British specimens. 
Such specimens have generally a tougher thallus than in those of a white or gray 
