230 DR LAUDER LINDSAY ON THE SPERMOGONES AND PYCNIDES 
sist generally of five or six articulations, normally cylindrical, but frequently very 
irregular inoutline. They are, moreover, joined or superimposed at very irregular 
angles. Sometimes apparently they become elongated, by the superposition of 
additional articulations or cells, and they anastomose with each other, forming a 
network, projecting beyond the mass of the sterigmata into the cavity of the sper- 
mogone. They continue, however, in this state to bear spermatia, which are de- 
veloped from the apices of the component articulations. The cavity of the sper- 
mogone is further occupied by a network of very delicate, anastomosing filaments, 
of nearly equal width throughout, very ramose, generally septate, and never bear- 
ing spermatia. These are the filaments which so commonly occur in the sper- 
mogones of P. saxatilis, P. physodes, P. perforata, and other Parmelias, and which 
are particularly constant in the two species first mentioned. 
Specimen 17.—Ler1cuton’s exs. 7; Barmouth, Merionethshire; with apothecia. 
The laciniz are broad, and exhibit the large gaping ostioles of the old spermo- 
gones to great advantage; these ostioles have usually a black, hard border. 
Specimen 18.—HeEpp. exs. 116; associated with Umdbilicaria hyperborea; on 
granitic rocks, St Moritz, Switzerland; noapothecia. Here also the spermogones 
are chiefly old, the ostioles having a black, raised, ring-like border. The ramose, 
elongated, sterile filaments abound in the interior of the spermogones. 
Specimen 19.—Lachen, Sikkim, Himalaya, alpine region, at an elevation of 
13,000 feet ; coll. Dr Hooker; in Herb. Hooker, Kew. The thallus is dark-brown, 
and of the omphalodes type; the spermogones are very abundant and large. 
Species 17. P. Borreri, Ach., 
Which occurs in Europe, Africa, America, and Asia. I am in doubt as to whether 
this should be separated as a species from P. tiliacea. The apothecia and sper- 
mogones are essentially those of the species just named. I cannot help regarding 
it as a merely sorediiferous form of P. teliacea. This is the result of the exami- 
nation of a large suite of specimens from every part of the world, contained in 
the Hookerian Herbarium at Kew, including specimens from Sussex, Ireland, the 
Pyrenees, Switzerland, Portugal, Teneriffe, South Africa, Chili, Ohio, India, Spitz- 
bergen, and the Arctic Regions. The spermogones are minute, black, punctiform, 
immersed bodies, generally scattered about the margins of the lobes, but fre- 
quently also arranged or distributed more centrally. The ostiole is sometimes 
depressed, generally flat, but occasionally perched on papillar elevations of the 
thallus, or surrounded by a ring of the thallus, which gives the spermogones a 
pseudo-papillar aspect. Sometimes the thallus is very rugose, and much warted 
over; in such cases, the spermogones are dotted over these thalline warts or rugo- 
sities, as in a specimen from Barmouth, coll. Sanwey, in Herb. Hooker, Kew. 
Specimen 1.—On trees, Paul, Penzance, Cornwall; coll. Dr Barcuay Monr- 
GOMERY, Sept. 1856; with apothecia. The thallus is abundantly sorediiferous; 
