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EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 
Two of the barrel-shaped spermogones greatly magnified ; a, ostiole; b, body. 
Cladonia aggregata; New Zealand. Sterigmata a, spermatia b, elongated sterile filaments c. 
Section of a spermogone: the letters have the same reference as in fig. 3. 
C. retipora, Ach., Flk.; Tasmania. Portion of the cancellated thallus, showing the terminal 
horn-like spermogones at a. 
Spermogones of the same, highly magnified: a, ostiole; b, body. 
C. rangiferina, Hoffm. ; Blaeberry Hill, Perth. Portion of the thallus, showing the termi- 
nal spermogones at a. Here they are erect. 
Portion of thallus, showing spermogones a, on the nodding apices of the ultimate ramuscles. 
Spermogones highly magnified : a, ostioles; b, body. 
C. rangiferina, from Tasmania. Terminal spermogones a, very minute, and whole thallus 
very delicate and attenuated. 
C. rangiferina ; Long Island, U.S., America. Sterigmata a, spermatia b; sterile, elon- 
gated, branching filaments c, which occupy the cavity of the spermogone, 
C. rangiferina ; Tasmania. Sterigmata a, spermatia b, and elongated branching filaments c. 
C. rangiferina ; Long Island, U.S., America. Spermogones a, seated on the apothecium 6. 
Portion of thallus bulging and warted at c, the warts resembling spermogones; a and b 
refer as in fig. 30. 
C. amaurocrea, Flk., var. capitellata, Bab.; New Zealand. Portion of thallus, show- 
ing a, terminal spermogones, aud 8, lateral spermogones; in both cases barrel-shaped 
and large. 
Spermogones isolated and highly magnified: a, ostiole; b, body of spermogone. 
Sterigmata a, and spermatia bc, of same species—c fixed, and b free spermatia. 
C. macilenta, Hoffm.; Scherer exs., 337. Showing the barrel-shaped spermogones a, fring- 
ing the margin of a scyphus. 
Sterigmata a, and spermatia b, of same species. 
One of the spermogones highly magnified : a, ostiole; 6, body. 
C. macilenta ; var. cornuta ; Scherer exs., 337. Spermogones a, on margins of narrow 
scyphi, borne on the ends of long slender podetia. 
C. macilenta, var. polydactyla, Flk.; Scherer exs., 454. Spermogones a, wart-like or 
barrel-shaped, fringing a scyphus. 
C. macilenta ; Scherer exs., 36. Spermogone terminal and isolated, on end of a long, 
delicate, linear podetium: a, ostiole; b, body. 
C. macilenta ; Scherer exs., 337. Sterigmata a, and spermatia bc [6 fixed, c free]. 
Pruate VIII. 
Illustrative of the genus Cuaponia, Hoflm. 
. Cladonia alcicornis, Flk., from Craigie Hill, Perth; magnified: a, lomzeual foliaceous 
thallus, bearing on its surface sessile, barrel-shaped spermogones 6 ; c, a podetium, 
having the margin of its scyphi fringed with abortive spermogones. 
One of the same spermogones isolated, showing the largish regular ostiole a. 
C. alcicornis, Flk.; Leighton exs., 15. Under surface of horizontal thallus, dotted over 
with papilleform and punctiform pyenides a. 
. Sterigmata a, and spermatia bc, of C. alcicornis ; Scher. exs., 455 ; 6 fixed, c free spermatia. 
5. Spermogones, a, fringing margin of scyphi of same plant; Leighton exs., 15. 
. C. gracilis, Fr., var. cervicornis, Ach., from Morchone, Braemar: a, horizontal foliaceous — 
thallus ; 6, a podetium, terminating in a scyphus fringed with barrel-shaped spermo- 
gones ¢. i 

