56 ON THE MANUFACTURE OF BEETROOT SUGAR IN POLAND. 



■ — Joseph Gibbs, a method of treating phormium tenax. — Romain Ignace 

 Charles Dubus.^ — The residue of the bulbs or roots of the lily tribe, the lily 

 known as the Turk's cap is preferred. 



In 1858, Jean Theodore Coupier, for treating straw, cane, reed, dwarf 

 palm, maize stem, jute, &c, for manufacture of paper. — Robert Hanham 

 Collyer, for improvements in making paper from straw. — Joze Luis, the 

 application of the fibrous textile plant, called in Arabia " Diss," or in 

 Latin "Arundo festuca patula," or by botanists " Festucoides et donax 

 tenax." — Michael Henry, the resulting products of improvements in dyeing 

 and tanning such as spent tan and dye stuff. — William Edward Newton, 

 improved method of preparing wood pulp. — Philip Davies Margesson, for 

 applying the residue of sugar cane and other canes. — Donald M'Crummen, 

 marine plants, and heath, or heather. 



In 1859, David Lichtenstadt, for converting bamboo and the like sub- 

 stances into pulp. — Frederick Brown, the leaves or fruit of the " citrus " 

 plant, or tree, generally known as the citron, the orange, and the lemon. 

 — Leon Castelain and Charles Frederick Yasserol, the liquorice root. 



We are not responsible for either the botany or orthography of the pa- 

 tentees, but have given the descriptions as we find them in their spe- 

 cifications. 



ON THE MANUFACTURE OF BEETROOT SUGAR IN POLAND. 



BY BIETJT.-COL. SIMMONS, R.E., C.B. 



The cultivation of beetroot for the manufacture of sugar has of late 

 years received an immense development in the kingdom of Poland, and in 

 the adjoining provinces of Russia. 



As early as 1812 the Government endeavoured to introduce this manu- 

 facture into Poland by offers of loans, and by promising freedom from con- 

 scription to persons employed in it. These measures did not, however, at 

 first meet with success, the first factory having been . established only in 

 1831, and the first refinery in 1839. 



Since that time this manufacture has received a great development, as 

 there were in 1856 fifty-two factories in the kingdom, thirty-five of which 

 were to be found in the Government of Warsaw alone, which, as the centre 

 of capital, is also the principal market for the sale of sugar. 



The conversion of beetroot into sugar is entirely performed between the 

 end of September and the commencement of April in each year, beyond 

 which time the beetroot, if kept, becomes deteriorated. 



The following statement of loaf sugar, manufactured in several years, is 

 compiled from the latest Government returns, and shows the progressive 



