BALSAM OF PERU. 59 



From the facts above stated, it would appear that the extraordinary- 

 development of this manufacture in Poland is, in some measure, to be attri- 

 buted to the war, which closed the ordinary channels for the importation of 

 sugar, and caused a large trade to spring up for the supply of the Russian 

 market across the Polish frontier, thus enhancing the value of the article. 



Tbis branch of industry was, without doubt, fostered by the high scale 

 of duties chargeable under the old tariff, under which the duty was three 

 roubles per pood (about threepence per pound) for raw sugar, and refined 

 sugar was altogether prohibited. 



So great was the inconvenience felt in Russia consequent on the cessation 

 of all import by sea during the late war, that the Government on several 

 occasions reduced the duty on sugar imported by the Polish frontier. 



By the last tariff, which came into operation in July, 1857, the duty is 

 fixed as follows : — 



Into Russia. 



Roubles. d. 



Raw sugar ... per pood 3*80 = per lb. 3 - 8 

 Brown do. ... do. 3-20 = do. 3-2 



Into Poland. 

 Raw sugar ... per pood 2-00 = per lb. 2 

 Refined do. ... do. 4-00 = do. 4 



It would appear, therefore, that although Great Britain and other 

 countries could compete with the home manufacturers in Russia for the 

 supply of sugar, if those duties were removed, it is probable that the large 

 interests which have grown up under their fostering care will for many 

 years operate to prevent a reduction of the duty. 



It appears also, that the home production in Russia, including Poland, 

 has now become so great that it will act upon the foreign trade of this 

 article, which, in 1857, exceeded £1,250,000 in value, and tend to the ex- 

 clusion of foreign grown sugar for the Russian market. 



Although the stated import of sugar from England in 1856 amounted 

 only to 2,435,0001bs., valued at 449,400 roubles, and the result of the ces- 

 sation of the Russian sugar trade will not, therefore, be felt very seriously 

 on the direct trade with England, it must re-act upon the general suo-ar 

 trade of the world, and, therefore, indirectly upon that of England. 



BALSAM OF PERU. 



The balsam imported into England as balsam of Peru, is produced within 

 the department of Sonsonate, in the republic of Salvador, and along the 

 coast of which department the trees from which it is extracted extend for 

 leagues. 



In the district of Cuisnagua there are 3,574 trees, which yield altogether 

 only 6001bs. of the gum annually. With proper care in the extraction each 

 tree would yield from two to three pounds, making the total quantity 

 capable of being produced, in the before-mentioned district, about 



