DYE-STUFFS OF INDIA AND CHINA. _ 137 



in the Museum of the East India House, with the exception of a very small 

 fragmentary specimen. 



Caranja Moss.— Usnea barbata, and its variety florida, or chiefly the 

 latter, are collected for dyeing in Ceylon and on the Peninsula of India, 

 under the name of Caranja. Other species are sometimes included under 

 this name. 



Ashneh. — Dr. Lindsay informs me that some years ago he saw in 

 the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, a dye lichen 

 from Saharunpoor, sent by Dr. Jameson, and labelled Borrera Ashneh, a 

 specific name which is not to be found in any work on lichens with which 

 he is acquainted, and which specimen he considers to be Parmelia Kamts- 

 chadalis. In Dr. Lindsay's History of British Lichens the generic name 

 Usnea is stated to be derived from the Arab, Achneh, or Achnen, a generic 

 term for all lichens. In India species or varieties of Usnea are amongst the 

 most common of all lichens. Appended to a specimen of P. Kamtschadalis, 

 in the East India House Museum, are the following remarks : — " Ashneh of 

 the Arabs, Chulcheleera of India, the old Usnea of materia medica. Alectoria 

 Arabian, Ach. ; Borrera Arabica, Boyle." To which is added, in the writing 

 of the late Dr. Boyle, " Certainly distinct from Alectoria Arabum, Ach., as 

 figured by Dillenius." This specimen appears to differ in no respect from 

 the Parmelia Kamtschadalis, Eschw. 



Chulcheleera. — A mixture of dye lichens employed at Saharunpoor 

 for dyeing, contains Parmelia Kamtschadalis, Parmelia perlata, and its variety 

 sorediata, Usnea florida, Ramalina calicaris, and fragments of Physcia 

 leucomela. In this mixture the first-named species constitutes the greatest 

 proportion. 



Jetamashee. — Under this name a mixture of lichens, including Parmelia 

 Kamtschadalis, P. perlata, U. florida, and Ramalina calicaris, is employed at 

 Patna for dyeing purposes. It resembles another mixture, which is known 

 under the name of Chulcheleera, also employed for a like purpose in other 

 parts of India. The first species {Parmelia Kamtschadalis) predominates in 

 the Jetamashee. 



Batti-nara. — A dye lichen under this name was shown at the Madras 

 Exhibition of 1855. Not having seen it, we are ignorant of the species 

 included under the above name. Probably it is only the same as that 

 already described under Jetamashee ; and, coming also from Nellore, it is, 

 without doubt, identical with the Ratti-pu, so that the three are but local 

 names for the same substance. 



Batti-pu. — In 1857, specimens of lichens, under the name of Ratti-pu 

 (stone -flower), were received from Nellore by the Commissioners of the 

 Madras Exhibition. The jury requested Dr. A. J. Scott to report on their 

 value. His report stated, " The lichens examined by me do not appear to 

 possess any very well marked dyeing properties. By the mode of testing, 

 however, employed by Westring of Stockholm, a yellowish fluid has been 

 obtained through the agency of ammonia and chloride of ammonium, 

 which imparts its colour to cloth immersed in it." 



