228 ON THE AMOUNT OF TANNINE IN 



increases at the rate of somewhat less than one dollar per pound. The "bab 

 gugrati, or kashshi," the bab kashi is that intended for the Cutch market. 



The tusks must be of middle size, little bent, very bluff at the point, as it 

 is intended for rings and armlets ; the girth must be a short span and three 

 fingers, the bamboo shallow, and not longer than a hand. Ivory fulfilling 

 all these conditions will sell as high as seventy dollars per frasilah, — medium 

 size of 20 to 25 lbs., fetches fifty-six to sixty dollars. The " bab wilaiti," 

 or " foreign sort," is that purchased in European and American markets. 

 The largest size is preferred, which, ranging from 45 to 100 lbs., may be 

 purchased for fifty-two dollars per frasilah. The third and least valued 

 quality is the western ivory, the Gendai, and other varieties imported 

 from Usagara, Uhehe, Urori, Unyamwezi, and its neighbourhood ; the 

 price varies according to size, form, and weight, from forty-five to 

 fifty-six dollars per frasilah. The transport of ivory to the coast, and 

 the profits derived by the maritime settlers, Arab and Indian, have 

 been described. When all fees have been paid, the tusk, guarded 

 against smuggling by the Custom House stamp, is sent to Zanzibar. On 

 the island scrivelloes under 6 lbs. weight, are not registered. According to 

 the late Lieutenant-Colonel Hamerton, the annual average of large tusks is 

 not less than 20,000. The people of the country make the weight range 

 between 17,000 and 25,000 frasilah. The tusk is larger at Zanzibar than 

 elsewhere. At Mozambique, for instance, 60 lbs. would be considered a 

 good average for a lot. Monster tusks are spoken of. Specimens of 5 

 frasilah are not very rare, and the people have traditions that these 

 wonderful armatures have extended to 227 lbs., and even to 280 lbs. 

 «ach. 



ON THE AMOUNT OF TANNINE IN SOME ASTRINGENT 

 SUBSTANCES, AND THE COMPARATIVE RAPIDITY 

 WITH WHICH THE TANNINE IN SEVERAL OF THESE 

 SUBSTANCES UNDERGOES DECOMPOSITION. 



BY WM. J. WONFOR AND S. R. PONTIFEX, 

 Students in the Laboratory of the Museum of Irish Industry, Dublin. 



We have examined the following substances in order to determine their 

 value as tanning materials ; we are indebted to the kindness of Mr. Sim- 

 monds, the Editor of this Journal, for the specimens. The tannine was 

 estimated in a manner similar to that pursued by our late fellow-students, 

 Messrs. Mulligan and Dowling ; the process is a modification of that first 



