OILS AND PATS, ETC. 325 



the heat -and moisture rupture the cells,, and the oil escapes, floating on 

 the top liquefied hy the heat, sometimes a little sulphurous acid is 

 added to facilitate the destruction of the memhrane forming the oil-cells. 



Another process is to enelose the cellular tissue in bags made of horse 

 hair, or of some other strong material. These bags are warmed and 

 subjected to powerful pressure by machinery. The fat oils contained in 

 the liver are obtained by cutting the liver into small pieces and boil- 

 ing, the oil rises to the top and is skimmed off ; it is afterwards purified 

 by filtration. This is far the better way of procuring the oil than to 

 allow the liver to putrefy, and the oil to exude from disintegration of the 

 cells by putrefaction. 



There are some oils and fats which are obtained in such small quan- 

 tities as to be more matters, of scientific curiosity than commercial use, 

 such are tiger fat, deer's lard, gorilla fat, serpents oil, frog's fat, peacock 

 fat, &c. A very fine oil has been obtained from the fat of the iguana ; 

 some was shown from Queensland, where it is said to be used by the 

 fishermen for sprains, &c. 



Dog's Fat. — Dr. M. Sterry states that among the poor German in- 

 habitants of the United States, it has become not uncommon to consume, 

 with advantage, dog's fat in affections where other classes would take 

 cod-liver oil. This accounts for the killing a great number of dogs, 

 which had been attributed, by the uninitiated to their being wanted for 

 sausage meat. (' American Journal of Medical Science.') 



Probably this may also account for the slaughter of dogs by the 

 German Legion in Kaffraria, the subject of remark in the South Afriean 

 papei'3 in the close of 1858, and then believed to be for food. 



American Lard. — The imports of lard from all quarters in I860 were 

 198,030 cwt., of the value of 587,079i. The great bulk— 130,871 cwt. 

 — came from the United States. Austria, Italy, and Hamburg, supply 

 nearly all the rest. 



The average amount of lard obtained from eaeh hog is said to be 

 about 32 pounds. England and Cuba take most of the American lard. 

 In the West Indies lard is very generally used as a substitute for butter. 



About 50,000 tons of lard are stated to be used annually in the 

 States. Lard oil is made principally in Cincinnati. The average ex- 

 ports from that city a few years ago were : 



Lard barrels 40,000 8,000,000 lbs. 



Lard kegs 110,000 4,400,000 lbs. 



Lard oil... ... barrels 28,000 7,000,000 lbs. 



19,400,000 lbs. 



There are in Cincinnati, forty manufacturers of lard oil. These 

 consume on an average, each week, the year round, 1,000 packages of 

 300 lbs. each ; equal to 52,000 packages, or .15,000,000 lbs. per annum 

 From this is to be deducted for stearine, one-third or 5,120,000 lbs., 



