340 OILS AND FATS, ETC, 



varnishes suitable for cabinet makers. M. Ombroni, upon Lake Conio 

 has also a large establishment for the extraction of different oils. 



At Port St. Stefano, in Tuscany, there is a manufactory of oil of Pistacia 

 Lentiscus, which is commonly used for lighting, and even for culinary 

 purposes. When thus applied it is deprived of its offensive smell by 

 heating it with crumbs of bread. Apulia carries on a large trade of Len- 

 tiscus oil with Egypt. A large trade in castor oil is carried on to supply 

 the demands of pharmacy and soap- making. Many other oils are used 

 for different economical or industrial purposes — as almond oil for medi- 

 cine, nuts, beech mast {Fagus sylvatica, L.), juniper (Juniperus communis, 

 L.), laurel {Laurus nolrilis), cotton seed (Gossypium hcrbaceum), and 

 grapestones for lighting purposes. This last oil, which presents a new 

 product of the grape, is extracted principally in Modena, in which it is 

 an old source of profit. 



Castor Oil. — In the northern part of Italy, around Legrano and 

 Verona, the castor oil plant has been grown since 1816 ; and recently the 

 produce of seed and oil has been considerably increased. Messrs, Valine 

 and Co. owns a large establishment containing hydraulic presses, machines 

 for cleansing and sorting the seed, and a particular filtering process is 

 employed for purifying the expressed oil. About 45 tons of oil are 

 produced by them annually from about 120 tons of seed. The cake 

 remaining after the seed has been expressed is in great demand as a 

 manure for hemp growers. 



Russia exhibited refined hemp seed oil first quality, at 5|d. per lb., 

 raw ditto second quality cold pressure, and warm pressure, and fourth 

 quality mixed cold and warm pressure, all at 4d. per lb. ; raw and 

 refined linseed oil, train and seal oil, egg oil, and sunflower oil. 



Sunflower Oil. — The sunflower is largely cultivated in Kiers and 

 Podolia eastward on the black soil lands. The stalks are used for fuel. 



From the seeds of the sun-flower (white, grey, striped, and black) 

 is expressed a palatable, clear, and flavourless oil, the demand for 

 which is very great, It is exported from St. Petersburg at the average 

 price of 10s. 6d. per cwt, and is said to be very extensively used, after 

 undergoing a certain amount of purifying, for the adulteration of salad oil. 



Illipie Oil (Bassia longifolia). — The oil extracted from the Bassia seeds 

 in India, solidities at a temperature of 22 deg. or 23 deg. ; at 30 deg. it is 

 semi-solid. It does not become liquid under 35 deg. It is an admirable 

 oil for soap manufacture. If this oil were better known in Europe, a 

 very extended commerce might be carried on in it with advantage. 



Cocoa-nut Oil. — This oil is well known in Europe, and a large 

 trade is carried on in it from Cochin and Ceylon. It is said to be a good 

 deal adulterated in some quarters with other oils. 



Some very fine samples of this oil were shown from the 

 islands of the Pacific, and also from Tahiti. The principal com- 

 merce of Tahiti and its dependencies consists in the preparation of 



