NOTES ON THE ECONOMIC APPLICATION OP BARKS. 437 



Terminalia tomentosa, W. et A. — An East Indian tree, growing about 

 40 feet high. The bark is astringent, and is used in India as a febri- 

 fuge, powdered and mixed with oil, it is said to have been successfully 

 employed in Apthas. It is of a reddish brown colour, the surface very 

 deeply cracked, or furrowed. 



Syzigium J ambolanum, D.C. — A tree of moderate size, native of the 

 East Indiies, but now introduced into Jamaica and other West Indian 

 islands. All parts of the plant are said to be astringent. A decoction 

 of the bark is employed by the native Indian practitioners in fevers, 

 bowel complaints, &c, and they also apply it externally in the cure of 

 ulcers. It is rather a thick bark, the outer surface of a brown 

 colour. 



Calotropis gigantea, R. Br. — A large shrub, very common in allparts 

 of India, growing on waste and uncultivated ground. From all parts of 

 the plant a milky juice flows when wounded ; this is used in combina- 

 tion with the powdered bark of the roots in all cutaneous affections, and is 

 considered very efficacious in the cure of leprosy. Its activity, no doubt, 

 exists in a principle called " Mudarine," discovered by Dr. Duncan, of 

 Edinburgh. The bark, as employed, is of a whitish colour, of a bitter, 

 nauseous taste, devoid of any smell. The j uice which exudes is in great 

 repute in India, not only as a remedy in the above-named diseases, but 

 also iu rheumatism, dropsy, intermittent fevers, &c. A strong fibre, 

 known as Yercum or Mudar fibre, is procured from this plant. 



Condaminea corymbosa, D.C. — A tree about 40 or 50 feet high,, 

 native of Peru and New Granada. The bark of this plant, like nearly 

 all the Cinchonacese, has tonic and febrifugal properties. It is said the 

 Peruvian bark gatherers adulterate the true cinchona barks with this,, 

 but it may be detected by its white inner surface, its less powerful 

 bitter taste, and a viscidity, which the cinchonas have not. 



Sambucus Nigra, L. — The Common Elder. — This plant is found 

 growing in all parts of Europe, the Caucasus, and Siberia. It has a 

 variety of uses, the bark and flowers being employed in medicine, and 

 the berries in the manufacture of a well-known wine. The inner bark 

 of the branches is the part employed ; it is of a greenish white colour, 

 and has a slightly astringent and somewhat sweetish taste. Its proper- 

 ties are hydragogue, cathartic, and emetic ; and it has been used in 

 dropsy, as well as an aperient in various chronic disorders. 



Olea Earopcea, L. — The Olive. — This is a common tree, all over the 

 south of Europe, Barbary, the Levant, &c, usually growing to about 20 

 feet high. The bark is said to have been used as a substitute for cin- 

 chona. It is bitter and astringent. The exterior of a greyish brown 

 colour, very much cracked. The fruits and the oil obtained from them 

 are articles well known in commerce. 



Cinnamomum culilawan, Bl. — A large tree, native of the Moluccas, 

 Cochin China, &c. The bark is very aromatic, much resembling cloves ; 



