OF THE TYNE AND NEIGHBOURING DISTRICTS. 153 



Hamburg, for the supply of that city with water, under the direction 

 of Thomas Hawksley, Esq., C.E. These last named engines performed 

 a duty of 110 millions, with 112 lbs. of coal, the consumption being 

 only 2j lbs per indicated horse power. An arrangement for causing the 

 governor to act directly upon the steam valves, was introduced in these 

 engines with perfect success, giving them great steadiness in working, 

 and effecting a considerable saving in the quantity of steam used. 



Messrs. Hawks, Crawshay, and Co., of Gateshead, have constructed 

 and erected at the Hull Water Works the largest pumping engine that 

 has been made in this district. 



The steam cylinder is 85 inches diameter, and stroke 10 feet 6 

 inches, the plunger pump being 34J- inches diameter, and the same 

 stroke as the steam cylinder. The beam engine is single acting, and 

 capable of lifting nearly two tons of water 174 feet high each stroke. 

 The same firm has also erected a large pumping engine for the Water- 

 Works at Scarboro'. The steam cylinder is 45 inches diameter, and 

 stroke 8 feet. This is a single acting beam engine, worked expansively. 



Messrs. Morrison and Co., of the Ouseburn Engine Works, have 

 made several large pumping engines. One pair was erected at Cleadon 

 Lane, for the Sunderland and South Shields Water Company. There 

 are two steam cylinders, each 60 inches diameter, and stroke 8 feet, 

 worked expansively. 



Messrs. Losh, Wilson, and Bell, have also erected several large 

 colliery pumping engines. 



Sir William G. Armstrong and Co., in addition to their extensive 

 application of machinery for applying water as a motive power, have 

 constructed the engines for the Durham Water Works, together with 

 other pumping engines for collieries, and they have been successful in 

 introducing a self-acting valve to water works supply pipes, that 

 effectually shuts off the supply in the case of a pipe bursting. 



Of the second division, or the use of water as a motive power, there 

 is a distinct speciality of manufacture pertaining to this district in the 

 machinery produced by Sir W. G. Armstrong and Co., at the Elswick 

 Engine Works, and the following somewhat full reference to this subject 

 may be justified by the fact that the manufacture of this class of ma- 

 chinery has been exclusively confined to this district. 



At the meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of 

 Science, held in the year 1854, Sir William (then Mr.) Armstrong read a 

 paper on the "Application of Water Pressure Machinery," wherein he 

 described the origin and principles of his invention in the system of 

 hydraulic machinery now referred to. Since that period, many im- 

 provements have been introduced, but the principles effected remain the 

 same. 



The application of water power is classed under two conditions — viz., 

 the one where the pressure is obtained from natural sources, the other 

 where it is generated by artificial means. The employment of a natural 



