THE TECHNOLOGIST. [August 1, 1864. 



14 ON CHEMISTRY APPLIED TO THE ARTS. 



clients from them, or adding ingredients to them. By a new arrange- 

 ment of particles, implying neither loss nor gain of weight or substance, 

 one body may be converted into another of properties wholly different. 

 Thus starch can be changed into gum, and gum into sugar, and sugar 

 into wood-hbre. A neutral salt may become a powerful base ; a vola- 

 tile odorous liquid an indifferent crystalline solid. Chemistry looks in 

 no direction more hopefully than in this for new triumphs over matter. 



(To be continued.) 



ON CHEMISTRY APPLIED TO THE ARTS. 



BY DR. F. CRACE CALVERT, F.R.S., P.C.S. 



A Course of Lectures delivered before the Members of the 

 Society of Arts. 



Lectdre I. 



-Composition of Raw and Boiled Bones. The Manufacture of Superphos- 

 phate of Lime. Application to Agriculture. Bone-black or Cliar, and its Use in 

 Sugar- re fining. Phosphorus, its Properties ; Extraction and Employment in 

 Manufacture of Matclies. Horn and Ivory, their Composition and Application. 



I shall not take up your time by making many preliminary remarks, 

 but merely state that, though the heads of the subject on which I intend 

 to speak are not inviting ones, still we shall find as we progress that 

 the study of the various matters which I shall bring before you is full 

 of interest and instruction. Further, it would be difficult to name sub- 

 jects which better illustrate the ability of man to turn to profitable 

 account the various materials placed in his hands, or to mention sub- 

 stances which have received more complete and skilful applications 

 than those we shall treat of this evening. 



Bones. — The composition of " green bones," or bones in their 

 natural state, may be considered under two general heads, viz. : — the 

 animal matters, consisting of a substance called osseine, and a few 

 blood-vessels, and the mineral matters, chiefly represented by phosphate 

 of lime and a few other mineral salts. The composition of bones has 

 been examined by many eminent chemists, but the most complete 

 researches are those published in 1855 by M. Fremy, who examined 

 bones, not only from various classes of vertebrated animals, but also 

 from different parts of the same animal ; and to enable you to appre- 

 ciate some of his conclusions, allow me to draw your attention to the 

 following table* : — 



* Annates de Chiinie et Physique; Vol. xliii., pp. 79, 83, 84. 



