THE TECHNOLOGIST. [Jan. 1, 1665. 



276 ON CHEMISTRY APPLIED TO THE ARTS. 



1. The amount of the ready working capital, about 500,000 francs, 

 for the working of 100 looms, without including the buildings and 

 mechanical constructions. This allows of the work being done at a 

 smaller profit. The merchandise becomes cheaper, a large margin is 

 left for the speculation in the raw material, and more can be employed on 

 perfecting the machines and what pertains to them. Only through the 

 possession of a very large capital has it been possible to establish here 

 the largest ribbon manufactory in the world, one with more than 900 

 looms, whereas formerly the largest number of looms under one hand 

 was, at the most, 200. 



2. The general fair dealing of the manufacturers and operatives 

 towards the buyers ; the knowledge that it is the genuineness of the 

 article with regard to the quality and length of the piece which can 

 alone sustain their credit. 



3. The accommodating themselves easily to the demands of their 

 customers. 



4. The higher education of the operatives, as well as of the manu- 

 facturers, as compared with their French rivals, ought to be prominently 

 brought forward. No operative enjoys, like the Swiss, such excellent 

 schooling, and every chance is left him to perfect himself further. 

 While the French workman is lighter and nimbler, conceivesand exe- 

 cutes new things quicker, the Swiss is slower and heavier, but the more 

 solid, steady, and reliable. The Swiss manufacturer has the advantage 

 of a larger capital, and greater skill and practice in mercantile business. 

 While the French manufacturer is, in nine cases out of ten, nothing but 

 manufacturer, an 1 does not engage in the traffic abroad, the Balois is 

 both merchant and manufacturer ; he makes his purchases and sales 

 himself, is, thereby, more independent, and can turn all the advan- 

 tages of the markets of the world and the secret springs of commerce to 

 his profit. 



ON CHEMISTRY APPLIED TO THE ARTS. 



BY DR. F. CRACE CALVERT, F.R.S., F.C.S. 



A Course of Lectures delivered before the Members of the 

 Society of Abts. 



Lecture V. 



Milk : its Composition, Properties, Falsification, and Preservation. Urine : its 

 Uses. A Few Words on Putrefaction. 



Milk. — The composition of this important fluid varies not only in 

 different classes of animals, but also in different individuals of the same 

 class. Furiher, the composition of milk is modified by the influence of 

 food, climate, degree of activity, and health. Notwithstanding these 



