164! MR. J. O. WESTWOOD ON THE LEPIDOPTEROUS 



or generie cliaracters. It appears to me that we have now suflB.cient materials before us 

 to assume that they possess no higher than specific importance. 



The palpi in C. dcBclalus are closely applied to the face, extending upwards to three 

 fourths of the height of the eyes, with their inner margins close together; the apical 

 joint very minute, but distinct and jjointed, but not at all projecting. In C. atymtius 

 they do not reach higher than half the height of the eyes, and the terminal joint is less 

 prominent. 



In G. eudesmia the palpi are longer, and extend as much as one fourth of their length 

 above the top of the eyes ; they are rather obliquely porrected, standing off from the 

 face, and are more slender. In C. decussata they are parallel, and reach to the top of 

 the eyes. In C. BJubneri they only reach to half the height of the eyes, and are much 

 more rugosely squamose. In C. Marcel Serresi they are small, not reaching so high as 

 half the height of the eyes, slender, ohlique, pointed, and finely scaled. In C. coclirus 

 they are smaU, not reaching higher than the epistome, and are thickly squamose, but not 

 rugose. Such is also their structure in the Heliconiiform species, as well as in C. linus 

 and acrceoides. 



The geographical range of the whole of the species of Castnia and its immediate aUies 

 extends only to Southern and Central America. 



The transformations of the species of Castnia are of great interest, in connexion with 

 the natural relations of the group and its position with regard to the Rhopalocerous 

 division of the Order in which it was placed by the early systematists. 



Madame Merian, in the 36th plate of her work on the insects of Surinam, gave a set 

 of figures as representing the transformations of Castnia licas. The caterpUlar is evi- 

 dently that of one of the larger Morphideous Butterflies ; and the pupa is a chrysaUs 

 fastened by its tail to the plant, with its head doviTiwards, resting on the leaf, but with- 

 out any indication of a central girth of sUk round the body. Dr. Klug was fortunate, 

 however, to obtain a pupa of C. therajion from the bulb of a Catasetmn, sent from 

 Central America to the Royal Gardens at Potsdam. This pupa, figured in the Appendix 

 to his Memou* on the genus Synemon, agrees with those of Sesia, Cosstts, Zeuzera, and 

 Sepiahis, in its elongated general form and in the transverse rows of reflexed spines 

 with which the segments of the abdomen are furnished. It is, however, to Dr. PhUippi, 

 of Santiago, Chile, that we are indebted for a knowledge of the larva of the genus Castnia. 

 In the ' Stettiner entomologische Zeitung ' for 1863, p. 337, and plate iii., he has de- 

 scribed and figured the transformations of C. eudesmia, the larva of which he found in 

 the stem of Fourretia coarctata, one of the BromeUacese. It is 4^ inches long, and 

 closely resemhles the larva of a JPriouus or Cossus, with a large prothoracic and short 

 meso- and metathoracic segments, with six thoracic, eight ventral, and two anal feet. It 

 is white and fleshy, with a fulvous-brown-coloured head and extremity of the body. 

 When fuU-grown it forms a large cocoon of bits of leaves, twigs, and other vegetable 

 matter, fastened together with silken threads. The pupa is dark chestnut-coloured, Avith 

 the abdonunal segments paler. 



In the Hopeian CoUection at Oxford is preserved one of these cocoons (Pl. XXVIII. 

 fi g. 4) from which I extracted a pupa of C. eudesmia, nearly arrived at the imago state, 



