Il8 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 



stitute high spots on the surface of the tufaceous layer that were 

 exposed to wind and water action. The latter either prevented the 

 formation of the thin layer or carried it away and permitted the heavy 

 soil zone to develop on top of the clay substratum. The thicker, dark 

 layer was produced by heavy vegetation, rank grasses, during an inter- 

 val when there was considerably more moisture and more propitious 

 growing conditions. This factor ties in with geologic studies of the 

 site and surrounding area and is of significance from the standpoint 

 of the age of the site. 



A number of boulders were lying on what was once the old hill- 

 side (fig. 118). These stones were in the same positions that they had 

 occupied when that level was the inhabited surface. Several showed 

 that they were used for anvils. Bones, to be cracked and split for 

 marrow, and stone nodules, sources of material from which to make 

 tools, were placed on these boulders and struck with hand-held ham- 

 mer stones. Innumerable splinters and small fragments of bones 

 were in the dirt around some of them, while flakes and chips of chert, 

 chalcedony, jasper, and other materials favored for implements lay 

 alongside others. The status of the objects definitely indicated that 

 they were just as left by the one-time dwellers at the site, that they 

 were not washed there, and that this actually was a portion of the 

 former camp. 



Other parts of the excavated area yielded quantities of cut and 

 split animal bones (fig. 119) associated with stone implements (fig. 

 120) and other evidences of human activity. The implements consist 

 of typically fluted projectile points, scrapers of various kinds, knives, 

 drills, and flakes with minute points that probably were used to 

 scratch designs on bone and stone. Many of these artifacts are simi- 

 lar to those found in previous years, but a number represent new 

 types. Several bone fragments bearing portions of incised decora- 

 tions were also obtained. 



Dr. Kirk Bryan and Louis L. Ray, of the Division of Geology, 

 Harvard University, continued their geologic investigation of the 

 site and neighboring regions and by the close of the season were 

 able to formulate conclusions on the age of the deposits. The 

 evidence indicates that the cultural layer was made long after the 

 climax of the Wisconsin period and within the Late Glacial. Hence, 

 it may be said that Folsom man lived in the region several thousands 

 of years ago, while glaciers still lingered in the nearby mountains and 

 the climate was colder and wetter than at present. The latter feature 

 probably accounts, in part, for the heavy soil zone at the site. 



