No. 397-]. VISITORS OF THE CA PRIFOLIACEZ. 43 
fits into the flower." ! The same observer found in Westphalia 
five species of wasps very common visitors to Scrophularia 
nodosa. This flower exhibits retrogressive modification in 
that the upper fifth stamen, which is useless, is reduced to a 
sterile black scale. 
Symphoricarpos racemosus Michx. Snow Berry. 
The small reddish flowers are campanulate and pendulous. 
The ample supply of honey, secreted by the base of the corolla, 
is prevented from escaping by numerous slender hairs which 
line its anterior portion. The short pistil is only about half 
the length of the corolla, to the sides of which are attached the 
stamens, with the anthers converging toward the center. The 
flowers are homogamous. “As the wasp thrusts its head 
wholly into the flower, it comes at once in contact with all 
five anthers and then touches with one side the stigma; but on 
its way to the stigma little or no pollen remains attached to it, 
partly because the pollen is very slightly adhesive, and partly 
because any grains that do attach themselves are brushed = 
before they reach the stigma by the hairs lining the corolla.” 
But after the insect’s head has been moistened with honey it 
acquires a plentiful coating of pollen, which is carried to the 
next flower. 
In Thuringia, according to Miiller, nine-tenths of all the 
visitors belong to five species of wasps; while at Lippstadt, 
where wasps are much less abundant, the honey bee prepon- 
derates. At Rendsburg, Schróder observed that the flowers 
were visited by numerous Noctuidaz between the hours of 9 
and 10 in the evening; in Belgium, Macleod collected nine 
species of night-flying moths belonging to this family. The 
more important observations are given in the table? on the 
following page. 
! Müller, A/pendlumen, p. 214. 
2 Müller, Fertilization n of Flower. 
? Knuth, Handbuch der Fibbudidan Pd. ii, Nr. 1, p. 527. 
