NOTES ON THE PSYCHOLOGY OF FISHES. 
R. W. SHUFELDT. 
Last year Dr. C. O. Whitman of the University of Chicago 
delivered a very able lecture on * Animal Behavior," it being 
one of the biological lectures from the Marine Biological 
Laboratory, Woods Holl, Mass.! In the leading paragraph 
Dr. Whitman very truly points out the fact that ‘animal behav- 
ior, long an attractive theme with students of natural history, 
has in recent times become the center of interest to investiga- 
tors in the field of psychogenesis. The study of habits, in- 
stincts, and intelligence in the lower animals was not for a long 
time considered to have any fundamental relation to the study 
of man's mental development.  Biologists were left to cultivate 
the field alone, and psychologists only recently discovered how 
vast and essential were the interests to which their science 
could lay claim " (p. 286). This is as true a statement as has 
been made in the premises in question in any connection, and 
the person who has paid any attention to psychological literature 
during the last ten years is well aware of the fact that in the 
discussions that have been going on there on the subject of 
instinct and intelligence, the psychologist has been compelled 
over and over again to draw upon the observations made by 
the biologist upon the habits and physiology of animals in order 
to lay down the very base for his theories in regard to the afore- 
said faculties. Professor Whitman's recent researches have lent 
a powerful impulse to the interest taken in this subject, the 
more so from the fact that being a trained biologist himself, 
and possessed of a keen appreciation of the modern advances 
in psychology, he has been enabled to attack the question in 
the double capacity of naturalist and psychologist. So far as 
the writer’s present information carries him, the researches of 
this observer have been chiefly devoted to the studying of the 
1 Boston, Ginn & Company, 1899. 
275 
