No. 400.) REVIEWS OF RECENT LITERATURE. 323 
of the protoplasm and the lack of any fixed permanent structure make 
one of the main theses of the author’s work. His conception of the 
organization of protoplasm as derived from preserved material and 
from fresh material is that the Morphoplasm forms a framework en- 
closing Hyaloplasma in its meshes. In young cells the framework 
is uniform and fine meshed; later various modifications arise, so 
that the end result is very different in different cells and organisms. 
This morphoplasmic framework is continuous with the nucleus, and 
with the cell wall which is an actual membrane or modification of 
the framework and connected by radiating strands with the rest of 
the framework. The Hyaloplasma is a translucent, viscid liquid 
not visibly acted upon by reagents that act on proteid matter; it is 
thought to be inert, not living. Where large areas of clear Proto- 
plasma, ectosarc, are seen to be contractile, it is really the Morpho- 
plasma of the limiting membrane and of the few strands that pass 
through the liquid that is the real agent. When granules are seen 
moving through the Hyaloplasma they are supposed to be really in 
unseen strands of Morphoplasma. 
The Morphoplasma is full of granules, microsomes, or plasmo- 
somes. These may stand at irregular intervals, and hence there 
must be some substance to hold them together, ż.e., the strand is not 
merely a row of granules but consists of granules imbedded in a 
connecting substance supposed to be a viscid liquid not mixing with 
the Hyaloplasma. Though it is difficult to distinguish microsomes 
from yolk granules, secretions, etc., yet the author thinks there are 
real plasmosomes as essential elements of the strands of Morpho- 
plasma. Though thus agreeing with Biitschli, that protoplasm has 
two non-miscible liquids as basis of its organization, the author 
does not accept the alveolar theory of structure as accounting for 
the morphoplasmic framework which is often seen as actual fibrils 
and not membranes. 
As development proceeds, the undifferentiated protoplasm becomes 
differentiated, the meshes enlarge, the strands thicken and become 
fewer, and all the various specializations of cell division appear. Of 
the many interesting details of the latter phenomena here recorded, 
we will mention only the new interpretation of the well-known ring, 
or vesicle-like, appearances of the chromosomes as they are coming 
together in the formation of daughter-nuclei. The author thinks 
the Morphoplasma is prearranged in meshes of different size in dif- 
ferent parts of the cell traversed by the chromosomes in moving 
from the equator of the spindle to the polar regions, and that when 
