EFFECTS PKODUCEI) UPON BUILDINGS. 



113 



edge of a deep canal or a cliff, there would be a layer of 

 ground, equal in thickness to the depth of the canal or to 

 the height of the cliff, as the case may be, which would 

 also be in a position to be thrown forward. The effect 



Fig. 22. — Church of St. Augustin, Manilla. Earthquakes of 

 July 18-20, 1880. 



which is sometimes produced upon an end building is 

 shown in fig. 23, which is taken from the photograph of a 

 house shattered in 1868 at San Francisco. 



