1 22 EARTHQUAKES. 



CHAPTEE VII. 



EFFECTS PRODUCED UPON BUILDINGS (contimted), 



Tj'pes of buildings used in earthquake countries — In Japan, in Italy, 

 in South America, in Caraccas — Typical houses for earthquake 

 countries — Destruction due to the nature of underlying rocks — 

 The swing of mountains — Want of support on the face of hills — 

 Earthquake shadows — Destruction due to the interference of waves 

 — Earthquake bridges — Examples of earthquake effects — Protection 

 of buildings — General conclusions. 



Types of buildings used in earthquake countries, — 

 In Japan there are excellent opportunities of studying 

 various types of buildings. The Japanese types, of course, 

 form the majority of the buildings. The ordinary Japanese 

 bouse consists of a light framework of 4 or 5 inch scan- 

 tling, built together without struts or ties, all the timbers 

 crossing each other at right angles. The spaces are filled 

 in with wattle-work of bamboo, and this is plastered over 

 with mud. This construction stands on the top of a row 

 of boulders or of square stones, driven into the surface soil 

 to a distance varying from a few inches to a foot. The 

 whole arrangement is so light that it is not an uncommon 

 thing to see a large house rolled along from one posi- 

 tion to another on wooden rollers. In buildings such as 

 these after a series of small earthquake shocks, we could 

 hardly expect to find more fractures than in a wicker 

 basket. 



The larger buildings, such as temples and pagodas, are 



