156 EAETHQUAKES, 



Facts analogous to these are mentionedin the accounts 

 of many large earthquakes. Sometimes rivers only be- 

 come muddy or change their colour. In an account of 

 the Lisbon earthquake we read that some of the' rivers 

 near Neufchatel suddenly became muddy. 



At other times large waves are formed. Thus the 

 earthquake of Kansas (April 24, 1867) apparently created 

 a disturbance in the rivers at Manhattan, which rolled in 

 a heavy wave from the north to the south bank.^ 



Sometimes curious phenomena have happened with 

 regard to rivers without the occurrence of earthquakes. 

 Thus, for instance, on November 27, 1838, there was 

 a simultaneous stoppage of the Teviot, Clyde, and 

 Nith. 



In these rivers similar phenomena have been observed 

 in previous years. 



Again, on January Ij 1755, there was a sudden sinking 

 of the river Frooyd, near Pontypool. This appears to 

 have been due to the water sinking into chasms which 

 were suddenly opened.'^ 



Effects 'produced in springs, wells, fumaroles, &c. — 

 Springs also are often affected by earthquakes. Some- 

 times the character of their waters change ; those which 

 were pure become muddy, whilst those which were hot 

 have their temperature altered. 



Sometimes springs have been dried up, whilst at other 

 times new springs have been formed. 



This latter was the case in New England (October 27, 

 1727). In some places springs were formed, whilst at 

 other places they were either entirely or partly dried 

 up.* 



At and near Lisbon, in 1755, some fountains became 



» Phil. Tram. vol. xlix. p. 436. ^ ^^^ j-^^^^^ ^^.^^ yoi^ ^Iv. p. 129. 



* Phil. Trans, vol. xlix. p. 547. * Ibid, vols. xlii. and xxxix. 



