RELATION OF SEISMIC TO VOLCANIC PHENOMENA. 271 



told, regard eruptions of Etna and Vesuvius as safeguards 

 against earthquakes. A similar belief is to be found in 

 portions of South America with regard to the volcanoes 

 for which that country is so celebrated. 



From an examination of the records of the large 

 earthquakes and the volcanic eruptions which have taken 

 place in Japan during the last 2,000 years, Dr. Naumann 

 found that there was often an approximate coincidence 

 between the times of the occurrence of these phenomena, 

 suggesting the idea that the efforts which had been suffi- 

 cient to establish the volcano had at the same time been 

 sufficient to shake the ground. 



Of destructive earthquakes which have occurred at 

 the time of volcanic eruptions, and of examples when 

 these phenomena have occurred at widely separated in- 

 tervals, the records are extremely numerous. 



Want of synchronism betiveen earthquakes and 

 volcanic eruptions. — Many of the great earthquakes of 

 South America do not appear to have been connected with 

 volcanic eruptions. 



The great earthquakes of the world, like those of 

 Calabria and Lisbon, which took place in regions which 

 are not volcanic, have not, Fuchs tells us, taken place in 

 conjunction with volcanic outbursts. 



In Japan, as in the Sandwich Islands and in many 

 other parts of the globe, the small earthquakes which 

 occur almost daily do not appear to show any marked 

 connection with volcanic disturbances. 



In 1881, during the eruption of Natustake, a volcano 

 lying about a hundred miles north of Tokio, there was 

 neither an increase nor a decrease in the earthquakes which 

 were felt in Tokio. Similar remarks apply to the state of 

 seismic activity of 1876-77, when Oshima,a volcanic island 

 about seventy miles to the south of Tokio, was in eruption. 

 13 



