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‘Parr I. Sxor. iii]. UPHEAVAL OF LAND. OTT 
above high-water mark, would be sufficient to demonstrate a rise of 
land. The amount of the upheaval might be pretty accurately 
determined by measuring the vertical distance between the upper 
edge of the barnacle zone upon the upraised rock, and the limit of 
the same zone on the present shore. By this kind of evidence the 
recent uprise of the coast of Scandinavia has been proved. ‘The shell 
borings on the pillars of the temple of Jupiter Serapis in the Bay 
of Naples prove first a depression and then an elevation of the 
ground to the extent of more than twenty feet." 
Of similar import is the evidence furnished by dead organisms — 
fixed in their position of growth beneath sea-level. Thus dead 
specimens of Mya truncata occur on some parts of the coast of the 
Firth of Forth in considerable numbers still placed with their 
- siphuncular end uppermost in the stiff clay in which they burrowed. 
The position of these shells is about high-water mark, but as their 
existing descendants do not live above low-water mark, we may infer 
that the coast has been raised by at least the difference between high 
and low-water mark, or eighteen feet. Shells of the large Pholas 
- dactylus occur in a similar position near high-water mark on the 
Ayrshire coast. Even below low-water examples have been noted, 
as in the interesting case observed by Sars on the Drédbaksbank in ~ 
the Christiania Fjord, where dead stems of Oculina prolifera (L.) occur 
at depths of only ten or fifteen fathoms. This coral is really a deep- 
sea form, living on the western and northern coasts of N orway at 
depths of one hundred and fifty to three hundred fathoms in cold 
water. It must have been killed as the elevation of the area brought 
it up into upper and warmer layers of water.* It has even been 
said that the pines on the edges of the Norwegian snow-fields are 
dying in consequence of the secular elevation of the land bringing 
them up into colder zones of the atmosphere. 
Any stratum of rock containing marine organisms which have 
- manifestly lived and died where their remains now lie, must be held 
to prove upheaval of the land. In this way it can be shown that 
most of the solid land now visible to us has once been under the sea. 
High on the flanks of mountain chains (as in the Alps and Hima- 
layas), undoubted marine shells occur in the solid rocks. 
Sea-worn Caves.—A line of sea-worn caves, now standing at a 
distance above high-water mark beyond the reach of the sea, affords 
evidence of recent uprise. In the accompanying diagram (Fig. 67) 
examples of such caves are seen at the base ef the cliff, once the 
sea-margin, now separated from the tide by a platform of meadow- 
land. 
Raised Beaches furnish one of the most striking proofs of 
upheaval. A beach, or space between tide-marks, where the sea is 
1 Babbage, Edin. Phil. Journ. xi. (1824), 91. J. D. Forbes, Edin. Journ. Sci. i, (1829), 
p- 260, Lyell, “ Principles,” ii. p. 164. 
2 Hugh Miller’s Edinburgh and its Neighbourhood, p. 110. 
$ Quoted by Vom Rath in a paper entitled “ Aus Norwegen,” Neues Jahrb. 1869, 
p. 422. For another example see Gwyn Jeffreys, Brit. Assoc., 1867, p. 431. 
