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518 GEOTECTONIC (STRUCTURAL) GEOLOGY. [Boox IV. 
Inversion.—Inverted folds occur abundantly in regions of great 
plication. The Silurian uplands of the south of Scotland, for instance, 
have the arches and troughs tilted in one direction for miles together, 
so that in one half of each of them the strata lie bottom upwards 
(Fig. 240). It is in large mountain-chains, however, that inversion 

Fic, 240.—InvERTED Foups anp IsocLiInAL STRUCTURE. 
can be seen on the grandest scale. The Alps furnish numerous 
striking illustrations. On the north side of that chain the Secondary 
and Tertiary rocks have been so completely turned over for many 
miles that the lowest beds now form the tops of the hills, while the — 
highest lie deep below them. Individual mountains, such as the 
Glarnisch and some in the Cantons Glarus and St. Gall (Figs. 241, 



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Fic. 241.—INVERSION IN THE GLARNISCH MouNTAIN (BALTZER). 
242), present stupendous examples of inversion, great groups of 
strata being folded over and over each other as we might fold — 
carpets. (See p. 314.) 
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Fic, 242.—INvErsION AMONG THE MounTarns SoutH or THE LAKE oF WALLENSTADT, 
Cantons GLARUS AND Sr. Gat (A. von Hem). 
e, Eocene; c, Cretaceous; w,j. White Jura; bj. Brown Jura; ¢, Trias; s, schistose 
rocks, perhaps metamorphosed Paleozoic formations. 
Where a series of strata has been so folded and inverted that its 
reduplicated members appear to dip regularly in one direction, the 
structure is termed isoclinal. This structure, illustrated on a 
