726 STRATIGRAPHICAL GEOLOGY. [Book VI. 
that rose fifty feet or more into the air. The ferns, however, 
present no such contrast to the forms still living. On the contrary, 
they often recall modern genera, which they resemble not merely — 
in general aspect, but even in their circinnate vernation and fruc- 
tification. With the exception of a few tree-ferns, they seem to 
have been all low-growing plants and perhaps were to some extent 
epiphytic upon the larger vegetation of the lagoons. Some of the 

Fic. 343.—CarBoNIFEROUS FIsH. 
Jaw of Rhizodus Hibberti (Ag.) sp., one-third nat. size. 
more common genera are Palzopteris, Sphenopteris, Newropteris 
(Cyclopteris), Odontopteris, Pecopteris, Alethopteris. : 
Among the Hquisetacee, the genus Calamites is specially 
abundant. It usually occurs in fragments of jointed and finely- 
ribbed stems. From the rounded or blunted base of the stem 
other stems budded, and numerous rootlets proceeded, whereby the 
plants were anchored in the mud or sand of the lagoons, where they 

Vic. 344.—Carpontrerous Fisu. 
Eurynotus crenatus (Ag.), “* Cement-stones ” of Scotland (after Traquair). 
erew in dense thickets. To the foliage of Calamites different 
generic appellations have been attached (Fig. 347). The name 
7 
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Asterophyllites (Calamocladus) is given to jointed and fluted stems 
with verticils of slim branches proceeding from the joints and 
bearing whorls of long, narrow, pointed leaves. In Sphenophyllum 
the leaves were fewer in number and wedge-shaped; in Annularia, 
the close-set leaves were united at the base. Calamodendron is 
