
732 STRATIGRAPHICAL GEOLOGY. — [Boox VI. 
Aroides (Pothocites), in the lower part of the Carboniferous system 
around Edinburgh. 
The animal remains in the coal-bearing part of the Carboniferous 
rocks are comparatively few. As already stated, in certain bands of 
shale, coal, and ironstone in the lower half of the Coal-measures un- 
doubted proofs of the presence of the sea are afforded by the occurrence 
of some of the familiar shells of the Carboniferous limestone. But 
towards the upper part of the Coal-measures, where these marine 
forms disappear, other lamellibranchs, that were probably denizens of 
brackish if not of fresh water, occur in abundance. Among the 
more frequent are Anthracomya, Anthracosia, and Anthracoptera. 
Crustaceans are chiefly represented by Beyrichia and Estheria, but 
large eurypterid forms likewise occur. Fishes are found frequently, 
remains of the larger kinds usually appearing in scales, teeth, fin- 
spines, or bones, while the smaller ganoids are often preserved entire. 

Fic. 354.—CARBONIFEROUS SCORPION. 
Eoscorpius glaber (B. N. Peach), Lower Carboniferous, Eskdale, Scotland. 
Common genera are Ctenodus, Strepsodus, Cheirodus (Fig. 358), 
Mesolepis, Ctenacanthus, Gyracanthus, Plewracanthus, Ctenoptychius. 
The presence of true air-breathers among the jungles of the 
Carboniferous period has been established by the discovery of 
numerous specimens of arachnids, insects, and labyrinthodonts. 
Scorpions (Hoscorpius) have been found both in Europe and America, 
and recently have been obtained in great numbers, in excellent pre- 
servation, and of gigantic size in the Lower Carboniferous rocks of 
Scotland. Other arachnids occur, including ancient forms of spider 
(Protolycosa). Myriapods were represented by various millipedes 
(Xylobius, Archiulus, Huphoberia). True insects likewise flitted 
through these dense jungles, for the wings of a kind of May-fly 
(Haplophlebiwm), having a spread of fully seven inches, have been 
found im Canada, where too the oldest land-shell (Pupa vetusta) 
occurs, Several other genera of Newroptera are known; also some 
