
Parr IL Snov. iv. § 1.] CARBONIFEROUS. 735 
_ Middle Coal Flora.—Lower zone (Flore howillére sous-moyenne). 
_ Lepidodendroids are characteristically abundant and varied (Lepidodendron 
aculeatum, obovatum, crenatum, Haidingeri, undulatum, longifolium ; and 
Lepidophloios laricinus, intermedius, crassicaulis ; Ulodendron, abundant in 
England, U. dichotomum, punctatum, majus, minus, &c.; Halonia tortuosa, 
regularis, &c.). Sigillarioids are numerous (Sigillaria oculata, elegans, 
scutellata, elongata, mammillaris, alveolaris, reniforms ; Stigmaria ficoides, 
minor, stellata, reticulata,; Dictyoxylon, Lyginodendron). Calamites abound 
(Calamites cannzformis, Suckowti, Cistii, decoratus, approximatus ; Astero- 
phyllites subhippuroides, longifolius ; Volkmanma polystachya). Ferns like- 
-wise form a notable part of the flora, especially sphenopterids (Spheno- 
_pteris latifolia, acutifolia, elegans, dissecta, furcata, Gravenhorstii, nervosa, 
muricata, obtusiloba, trifoliata); also Prepecopteris Silesiaca, oxyphylla, 
Glockeri, dentata ; Megaphyton majus ; Pecopteris ophiodermatica and other 
similar forms. ‘The neuropterids become abundant (Neuropteris hetero- 
- phylla, Loshii, gigantea, tenuifolia ; Cyclopteris obliqua ; Alethopteris lonchitica, 
&e.). The abundant Cordates of the higher measures are absent, though 
the fruit Carpolithes occasionally occurs. 
Infra Coal-Measure Flora.—(Miullstone grit, étage infra-houiller), 
characterized essentially by lepidodendroids and stigmarias. Lepido- 
dendron aculeatum, obovatum, crenatum, brevifolium, caudatum, carinatum, 
rimosum, Volkmannanum ; Ulodendron punctatum, ellipticum, majus ; Halonia 
tuberculosa ; Lepidophloios intermedius, laricinus. Sigillaria is not very 
‘common, but S. oculata, alveolata (Stern), Knorrit, trigona, minima, and other 
species occur. The ferns are more varied than in older parts of the 
system, sphenopterids being the dominant types (Sphenopteris distans, 
elegans, tridactylites, furcata, dissecta, rigida, divaricata, linearis, acutiloba, &e.). 
The genus Pecopieris is represented by a few species. Neuwropteris is com- 
paratively rare (N. Loshii, tenuifolia) Alethopteris appears in the wide- 
spread species A. lonchitica, and a few others. Calamites are not 
relatively abundant (Calanuites undulatus, Steinhaueri, communis, canneeformis, 
Cistii ; Asterophyllites foliosus, &c.). 
Flora of the Upper Greywacke.—Lepidodendroids are the preva- 
lent forms (Lepidodendron carinatum, polyphyllum, volkmannianum, rugosum, 
caudatum, aculeatum, obovatum ; Haloma tetrasticha, regularis ; Ulodendron 
ovale, commutatum). Stigmaria in several species occurs, sometimes 
abundantly ; but Stgillaria is rare (S. undulata, Volzit, costata, subelegans, 
venosa, Guerangeri, verneuillana). Calamites are not infrequent (C. 
Roemeri, Volzi, canneeformis, &c.). The ferns are chiefly sphenopterids 
(Sphenopteris dissecta, elegans, Gersdorfii, distans, tridactylites, schistorum ; 
Cyclopteris tenuifolia, Haidingeri, flabellata, Prepecopteris aspera, subdentata ; 
Neuropteris heterophylla, Loshii). 
Flora of the Culm, characterized by the abundance of lepidoden- 
droids of the type of L. velthetmianum (with Knorria imbricata), by the 
number of Bornia transitions, associated with Calamites Roemeri, Stigmaria 
ficoides (and other species), and by the abundance of the palzopterid ferns 
(Palzopteris Machaneti, antiqua, dissecta, (Sphenopteris) affinis (Fig. 345) ; 
Cardiopteris frondosa ; Rhodea divaricata, elegans, moravica ; Sphenopteris 
Gépperti, Schimperi, &c.). 
Carboniferous Limestone Flora.—The paleopterid ferns reach a 
maximum (Palzopteris inequilatera, Lindsezeformis, nolymorpha, fron- 
dosa). Sphenopterid forms are found in Sphenopteris bifida, lanceolata, 
