
Parrll. Sect.v.§ 1.) PERMIAN. 753 
corals (Stenopora) and polyzoa (Fenestella, Synocladia, Acanthocladia) 
occur in the limestones; the echinoderms are few, the chief crinoids 
being specics of Cyathocrinus. Among the brachiopods the most 
conspicuous are species of Productus, Camarophoria, Spirifera, and 
Strophalosia (Fig. 855). Lamellibranchs are more numerous, 
characteristic genera being Allorisma, Solemya, Schizodus, Hdmondia, 
Arca, Avicula, Bakevellia (Fig. 355), Pecten. Among the few gas- 
teropods, forms of Chemnitzia, Turbo, Murchisona, Plewrotomaria, 
and Chiton haye been recorded. An occasional Nautilus or Ortho- 
ceras represents the rich cephalopodan fauna of the Carboniferous 


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Fic. 356.—PALZONIsCUS MACROPOMUS. AG. (3) KUPFERSCHIEFER. 
From a restoration by Dr. Traquair. 
Limestone. Fishes are proportionately better represented in the 
Permian rocks than the invertebrates. They chiefly occur in the 
marl-slate or Kupferschiefer. The most common genera are Palz- 
oniscus (Hig. 356), which is specially characteristic, Platysomus 
(Fig. 357), and Pygopterus. 

Fic, 357.—Piatysomus strratus. Aa. (3) Macnestan Limestone. 
Restored by Dr. Traquair. , 
Amphibian life appears to have been abundant in Permian times, 
_ for some of the sandstones of the system are covered with footprints, 
assigned to the extinct order of Labyrinthodonts. Occasional skulls 
and other bones have been met with referable to Lepidotosaurus, 
oC 
