756 STRATIGRAPHICAL GEOLOGY. [Book VL 
species) include Productus horridus, Camarophoria multiplicata, C. Schlotheimi, 
Strophalosia Groldfussi, Lingula Credneri, and Terebratula elongata. The 
lamellibranchs number 16 genera and 31 species, among which Schizodus 
Schlotheinmi, Bakevellia tumida, B. antiqua, B. ceratophaga, Mytilus squa- 
mosus, and Arca striata are characteristic. ‘The univalves are represented 
by 11 genera and 26 species, including Plewrotomaria and Turbo as common 
genera. Fishes have been obtained chiefly in the Marl Slate, to the 
number of 21 species belonging to 8 genera, of which Palzoniscus is the 
chief. These small ganoids are closely related to some which haunted 
the lagoons of the Carboniferous period. Some reptilian remains have 
been obtained from the group, particularly Proterosawrus Speneri, P. 
Hualeyi, and Lepidotosaurus Duffit. 
Murchison and Harkness have classed as Upper Permian certain red 
sandstones with thin partings of red shale, and an underlying band of red 
and green marls andgypsum. ‘These rocks, seen at St. Bees, near White- 
haven, resting on a magnesian limestone, have not yet yielded any fossils. 
Germany, &c.—The “Dyas” type of the system attains a great 
development along the flank of the Harz Mountains, also in Thuringia, 
Saxony, Bavaria, and Bohemia. On the south side of the Harz it is 
erouped into the following subdivisions : 
(Anhydrite, gypsum, rock-salt, marl, dolomite, fetid shale, and limestone. 
=| ‘The amorphous gypsum is the chief member of this group; the limestone 
©| is sometimes full of bitumen. 
© |Crystalline granular (Rauchwacke) and fine sandy (Asche) dolomite (6 to 
4 65 feet). é; 
£2 |Zechstein, an argillaceous thin-bedded compact limestone 15 to 30 (some- 
= |__ times even 90) feet thick. 
2 eeepc tttefor “a black bituminous shale not more than about 2 feet thick. 
\Zechstein-conglomerate, and calcareous sandstone. 
(Upper.—Conglomerates (quartz-porphyry conglomerate) and sandstone, with 
associated melaphyres and tufts. 
Middle.—Red clays, shales, and fine shaly sandstones, with bands of quartz- 
conglomerate and earthy limestone. Melaphyre and porphyrite masses 
intercalated. 
Lower.—Shaly sandstones, shales (with bituminous bands), and con- 
| glomerates. 
2 

Rothliegende 
Group 
The name “ Rothliegende” or “ Rothtodtliegende” (red-layer or red- 
dead-layer) was given by the miners because their ores disappeared in the 
red rocks below the copper-bearing Kupferschiefer. The coarse con- 
glomerates have been referred by Ramsay to a glacial origin, like those 
of the Abberley Hills. They attain the enormous thickness of 6000 feet 
or more in Bavaria. One of the most interesting features of the for- 
mation is the evidence of the contemporaneous outpouring of great 
sheets of quartz-porphyry, granite-porphyry, porphyrite, and melaphyre, | 
with abundant interstratifications of various tuffs, not unfrequently en- 
closing organic remains. IT'rom the very nature of its component 
materials, the Rothliegende is comparatively barren of fossils; a few 
ferns, calamites, and remains of coniferous trees are found in it, particu- 
larly towards the base, where indeed they form, in the Mansfeld district, 
a coal-seam about 5 feet thick. | 
The plants, all of terrestrial growth, on the whole resemble generically 
the Carboniferous flora, but seem to be nearly all specifically distinct. 
They include forms of Calamites (C. gigas), Asterophyllites, and ferns of the 
genera Sphenopteris, Alethopteris, Newropteris, Odontopteris, with well- 

