
» 
beds of gypsum and rock-salt. In some places where sandstones appear 
they contain numerous plants (Hquisetum columnare, Pterophyllum, &e.), 
and labyrinthodont and fish remains. 300 to 1000 feet. 
Lettenkohle, Kohlenkeuper.—Grey sandstones and dark marls and clays, 
with abundant plants, sometimes forming thin seams of an earthy hardly 
| workable coal (Lettenkohle). The plants include, besides those above 
E Keupermergel, Gypskeuper.—Bright red and mottled marls, with 
Keuper. 
mentioned, the conifers Araucarioxylon Thuringicum, Voltzia heterophylla, 
&c. Some of the shales are crowded with small ostracod crustacea (Hstheria « 
minuta). Remains of fish (Ceratodus) and of the Mastodonsaurus Jxgeri 
have been obtained. About 230 feet. ; 
Upper Limestone (true Muschelkalk) in thick beds with argillaceous partings. 
—It abounds in organic remains, among which Nautilus bidorsatus, Lima 
striata, Myophoria vulgaris, Trigonodus Sandbergeri, and Terebratula 
vulgaris are specially characteristic, with Hncrinus liliiformis in the 
+4] lower and Ceratites nodosus in the upper part of the rock. It is a marine 
s formation, sometimes almost wholly made up of crinoid stems. 200 to 
on) 400 feet. 
-S\ Middle Limestone and Anhydrite, consisting of dolomites with anhydrite, 
21 gypsum, and rock-salt. Nearly devoid of organic remains, though bones 
=| and teeth of saurians have been found. 200 to 400 feet. 
Lower Limestone (Wellenkalk), consisting of limestones and dolomites, but 
on the whole poor in fossils, save in the limestone bands, some of which 
form a lower zone full of Encrinus liliiformis, while a higher zone is 
characterized by Myophoria orbicularis. 160 to 500 feet. 
Upper (Roth),—Red and green marls, with gypsum in the lower part. 250 
to 300 feet. (Myophoria costata.) 
Middle.—Coarse-grained sandstones, sometimes incoherent (Voltzia-sand- 
stones), with wayboards of Hstheria-shale. 
_ | Lower.—F ine reddish argillaceous sandstone (Grés des Vosges), often mica- 
a ceous and fissile, with occasional interstratifications of dolomite and of the 
a marly oolitic limestone called “ Rogenstein.” 
|The Bunter division is usually barren of organic remains. The plants 
already known include Equisetum arenaceum, one or two ferns, and a few 
conifers (Albertia and Voltzia). The lamellibranch Myophoria costata is 
found in the upper division all over Germany. Numerous footprints occur 
on the sandstones, and the bones of labyrinthodonts as well as of fish have 
been obtained. 
Alpine Trias.'—The Trias attains an enormous development in the 
eastern Alps, where it bears evidence of having originated under very 
different conditions from those of the Trias in Germany. The great. 
thickness of its limestones, and their unequivocally marine organisms, 
show that it must have accumulated in opener water, which remained 
clear and comparatively free from inroads of sandy and muddy sediment. 
It possesses, moreover, a high interest as being a massive formation of 
marine origin formed between Permian and Jurassic times, and contain- 
ing, as already stated, a remarkable blending of true Paleozoic organisms 
with others as characteristically Mesozoic. Including the Rhetic de- 
posits it is divided into three great series : 
of Lombardy. In northern and western Murope it forms part of a thin littoral or shallow- 
water formation, which over the region of the Alps expands into a massive calcareous 
series, which accumulated in a deeper and clearer sca. It is well developed also in 
northern Italy. See Stoppani, ‘‘ Géologie et Paléontologie des Conches % Avicula 
Contorta en Lombardie,’”’ Milan, 1881. On the plants of the Rheetic beds of Scania, see 
G. de Saporta, Ann. Sci. Géol, (1877). 
1 See Giimbel, “ Geog. Beschreib. des Bayerisch. Alpen,” 1861; Stur, ‘‘ Geologie der 
Steiermark,” 1871; KE. von Mojsisovics, Jahrb. Geol. Reichsanstalt. Vienna, 1869, 
1874, 1875, and “ Dolomitriffe Siidtirols und Venetiens,” 1878, and memoirs by Richt- 
hofen, Von Hauer, Laube, Siiss, and others in the Jahrb. Geol. Reichsanstalt.; Von 
Hauer’s “ Die Geologie,” p, 358, et seq. 
768 STRATIGRAPHICAL GEOLOGY.  [Boox VI. _ 
