‘ 
830 STRATIGRAPHICAL GEOLOGY. [Boox VI. 
Bavarian Alps their place in taken by calcareous glauconitic beds and 
the Turrilite greensand (7. Bergeri); but in the eastern Alps they 
have not been recognized. . 
«} One of the most remarkable formations of the Alpine regions is the 
enormous mass of sandstone which, under the names of Flysch and 
Vienna sandstone, stretches from the south-west of Switzerland through 
the northern zone of the mountains to the plains of the Danube at 
Vienna. Fossils are exceedingly rare in these rocks, the most frequent 
being fucoids, which afford no clue to the geological age of their enclosing 
strata. That the older portions in the eastern Alps are Cretaceous, 
however, is indicated by the occurrence in them of occasional Inocerami, — 
and by their interstratification with true Neocomian limestone (Apty- 
chenkalk). The definite subdivisions of the Anglo-Parisian Upper 
Cretaceous rocks cannot be applied to the structure of the Alps, where 
the formations are of a massive and unusually calcareous nature. In 
the Vorarlberg they consist of massive limestones (Seewenkalk) and 
marls (Seewenmergel), with Ammonites Mantel, Turrilites costatus, Inoce- 
ramus striatus, Holaster carinatus, &c. In the north-eastern Alps they 
present a remarkable facies in the Gosau beds, consisting of a variable 
and locally developed group of marine marls, sandstones, and limestones, 
with occasional intercalations of coal-bearing fresh-water beds. ‘These 
strata rest unconformably on all rocks more ancient than themselves, 
even on older Cretaceous groups. ‘They have yielded about 500 species 
of fossils, of which only about 120 are found outside of the Alpine region, 
chiefly in‘Turonian, partly in Senonian strata. Much discussion and a 
copious literature has been devoted to the history of these deposits.1 
The loosely imbedded shells suggested a Tertiary age for the strata; 
but their banks of corals, sheets of orbitolite- and hippurite-limestone, 
and beds of marl with Ammonites, Inocerami, and other truly Cretaceous 
forms, have left no doubt as to their really upper Cretaceous age. 
Among their subdivisions the zone of Hippurites cornuvaccinum is recogniz- 
able. From some lacustrine beds of this age, near Wiener Neustadt, a 
large collection of reptilian remains has been obtained, including 
deinosaurs, chelonians, a crocodile, a lizard, and a pterodactyle—in all 
fourteen genera and eighteen species.?, Probably more or less equivalent 
to the Gosau beds are the massive hippurite-limestones and certain . 
marls containing Belemntella mucronata, Ananchytes ovatus, &e., of the 
Salzkammergut and Bavarian Alps. The upper Cretaceous rocks of 
the south-eastern Alps are distinguished by their hippurite-limestones 
(Rudistenkalk) with shells of the HMippurites and Radiolites groups, while 
the lower Cretaceous limestones are marked by those of the Caprina group 
(Caprotinenkalk). They form ranges of bare white, rocky, treeless 
mountains perforated with tunnels and passages (Dolinen),. 
Basin of the Mediterranean.—The southern type of the Cre- 
taceous system attains a great development on both sides of the Mediter- 
1 See among other memoirs, Sedgwick and Murchison, Trans. Geol. Soc. 2nd 
ser. ili.; Reuss, Denkschrift. Akad. Wien. vii. 1; Sitzb, Akad. Wien. xi. 882; Stoliczka, 
Sitzh, Akad. Wien. xxviil. 482; lil. 1; Zekeli, Abhandl. Geol. Reichsanst. Wien. i. 1; 
¥. von Hauer, Sitzb. Akad. Wien. liii. 300; Palxont. Ocsterreich. i. 7; Die Geologie, 
p. 516; Zittell, Denkschrift. Akad. Wien. xxiv. 105; xxv. 77; Biinzel, Abhandl. Geol. 
Reichsanst. y. 1; Giimbel, Geognostische Beschreib. Bayerisch. Alpen, 1861, p. 517, et seq. 
2 Seeley, Q. J. Geol. Soc. 1881, p. 620. * 
® See Giimbel, Op. cit. Ue gives a table of correlations for the European Cretaceous 
rocks with those of Bayaria in his Geognost, Beschreib. Ostbayer, Grenzgeb. p. 700, 701. 
