Part LY. Suor. i. § 2.] | EOCENE. 851 
nien”), made up of Ditrupa strangulata and Nummulites (N, levigata, N. 
scabra, N. Heberti, N. variolaria), and abounding in Anomia sublevigata. 
Upper.—tn the Paris basin this subdivision consists of the following 
stages :1 
Gypsum with nodules of silica (menilite), and containing marine fossils 
(Cerithium tricarinatum, C. pleurotomoides, Turritella incerta). 
Yellow marls with Lucina inornata. 
Gypsum, saccharoid and crystallized, with brown marls. 
Yellow, brown, and greenish marls, with Pholadomya ludensis, Crassatella 
Desmaresti, &e. 
| Green sands of Monceaux (Cerithium Cordieri, C. tricarinatum, Natica 
Gyps Marin. 
paristensis). 
Limestone of Saint Ouen—a marly fresh-water rock 20 to 26 feet thick, 
composed of two zones, the lower full of Bythinia, and the upper 
J abounding in Limnza. 
Sands of Mortefontaine (Avicula Defrancet). 
Sands and sandstones of Beauchamp (Cerithium scalaroides, C. Bouei, 
Melania hordacea, Cyrena deperdita, Planorbis nitidulus, &c.). 
Sands, &¢., with Nummulites variolaria, Ostrea dorsata, Cyrena deperdita, 
{ corals, Lamna elegans, Otodus obliquus, &e. 

Sables Moyens. 
Northwards in the Belgian area, near Brussels, the highest Eocene 
strata consist of sands and calcareous sandstones (“‘ Wemmelien ”), sepa-. 
rated from the similar Lekenian beds below by a gravel full of Nummu- 
lites variolaria. Other common fossils are Turbinolia sulcata, Corbula 
pisum, Cardita sulcata, Turritella brevis, Fusus longevus. 
Southern Europe.—tThe contrast between the facies of the Creta- 
ceous system in north-western and in southern Europe is repeated with 
even greater distinctness in the Hocene series of deposits. From the 
Pyrenees eastwards, through the Alps and Apennines into Greece and 
the southern side of the Mediterranean basin, through the Carpathian 
Mountains and the Balkan into Asia Minor, and thence through Persia 
and the heart of Asia to the shores of China and Japan, a series of 
massive limestones has been traced, which, from the abundance of their 
characteristic foraminifera, have been called the Nummulitic Limestone. 
Unlike the thin, soft, modern-looking, undisturbed beds of the Anglo- 
Parisian area, these limestones attain a depth of sometimes several 
thousand feet of hard, compact, sometimes crystalline rock, passing even 
into marble, and they have been folded and fractured on such a colossal 
scale that their strata have been heaved up into lofty mountain crests 
sometimes 10,000, and in the Himalaya range more than 16,000, feet above 
the sea. With the limestones is associated the sandy series known as 
Nummulite sandstone. The massive unfossiliferous Vienna sandstone 
and Flysch, already referred to as probably in part Cretaceous, may also 
belong partly to Eocene time. One of the most remarkable features of 
these Alpine Eocene deposits is the occurrence in them of gigantic erratics 
of various crystalline rocks. As far east as the neighbourhood of Vienna, 
‘and westward at Bolgen near Sonthofen in Bavaria, near Habkeren and 
in other places, blocks of granite, granitite, and gneiss occur singly or in 
groups in the EKocene strata. These travelled masses appear to have 
most petrographical resemblance, not to any Alpine rocks now visible, 
but to the Archean masses In southern Bohemia. Their presence seems 
_to indicate the existence of glaciers in the middle of Europe during some 
1 See Dollfuss, Op. cit. 
312 
