366 STRATIGRAPHICAL GEOLOGY. — [Boox VI. 
by some geologists Mio-pliocene. ‘They are regarded as divisible, in 
ascending order, into, Ist, gravelly sands with cetacean bones (Hetero- 
cetus), fish-teeth, Ostrea navicularis, Pecten Caillaudi, &e. 2nd, Sands 
with Pectunculus glycimeris (pilosus). 8rd, Sands with Panopea Faujasii 
(Menardi). The two lower subdivisions may be equivalents of part of 
the faluns of Bordeaux, &e. 
iii 
Mayence Basin.—In this area an important series of marine, 
brackish, and fresh-water deposits occurs, which have been arranged by 
Fridolin Sandberger as follows :! 
Pliocene— 
Uppermost brown-coal. 
Bone-sand of Eppelsheim. 
Miocene— 
Clay, sand, &c., with leaves of Quercus, &c., Laubenheim. 
Limestone with Litorinella acuta. 
Corbicula beds with Corbicula Faujasiiz. 
Cerithium limestone and land-snail limestone. 
Sandstone with leaves. 
Oligocene— 
Cyrena marl (Cyrena semistriata, Cerithium plicatum, C. margaritaceum). 
Septaria clay with Leda deshayesiana. 
Marine sand of Weinheim with Ostrea callifera, Natica crassatina, 
The lower Miocene beds of this area present much local variation, 
some beds being full of terrestrial plants, some containing fresh-water, and 
others brackish-water and marine shells. Among the plants are species of 
Quercus, Ulmus, Planera, Cinnamomum, Myrica, Sabal, &e. The land-snail 
limestone contains numerous species of Helix and Pupa, with Cyclostoma 
and Planorbis. The Cerithium limestone contains marine shells, as Perna, 
Mytilus, Cerithium (C. Rahtii, C. plicatum), Nerita. Among the various 
strata bones of some of the terrestrial mammals of the time occur (Miero- 
therium, Paleomeryx). f 
The Litorinella limestone, the most extensive bed in the series, is 
composed of limestone, marl, and shale, sometimes made up of Litorinella 
acuta, in other places of Dreissena (Tichogonia, Congeria) Brardi, or Myti- 
lus Faujasii. Abundant land and fresh-water shells also occur. Of 
greater interest are the mammalian remains, which include those of 
Deinotherium giganteum, Paleomeryx, Microtherium, and Hippotherium. 'The 
flora of the higher parts of the Miocene series includes several species of 
oak and beech, also varieties of evergreen oak, magnolia, acacia, styrax, 
fig, vine, cypress, and palm. 
Vienna Basin.—Overlying the Aquitanian stage (p. 861), where 
that is present, in other cases resting unconformably upon older Tertiary 
rocks, come the younger Tertiary or Neogene deposits of the Vienna 
basin—a large area comprising the vast depression between the foot of 
the eastern Alps near Vienna, the base of the plateau of Bohemia and ~ 
Moravia, and the western slopes of the Carpathians. This tract commu- 
nicated with the open Miocene sea by various openings in different 
directions. Its Miocene deposits are composed of two chief divisions or 
stages as follows, in descending order :? | 
* Untersuchungen uber das Mainzer Tertidrbecken, 1853, Die Conchylien des Mainzer 
Tertiiirbeckens, 1863. 
* Von Hauer’s Geologie, p. 617. 
