876 STRATIGRAPHICAL GEOLOGY.  [Boox VI. 
France.—Plhocene deposits in various parts of France have yielded 
a considerable number of vertebrate remains. An older series, found in 
the south of the country at Montpellier, indicates by the association of 
its mammalian remains a warmer climate than that of the same region 
at the present day, for the list includes, besides species of Hyena, Felis, 
Machairodus, Lutra, Lagomys, Rhinoceros, Sus, and Cervus, the extinct types 
of the Mastodon and Hyznarcios, as well as two species of ape. Later than 
these ossiferous strata are those of Perrier and other localities in Au- 
vergne, where the apes are absent, the antelopes have dwindled in size 
and number, the deer have grown very abundant, true elephants for the 
first time appear, associated with a species of hippopotamus, nearly 
if not quite identical with the living African one; two kinds of hyzena, 
and the hipparion and machairodus that had survived from earlier 
times. This fauna indicates a decided change of climate to a more 
temperate character.! 
Belgium.?—The neighbourhood of Antwerp has acquired celebrity 
for the remarkably fossiliferous character of certain sands which overlie 
the Black Crag described at p. 865. These strata, formerly classed as — 
“ Scaldisien” by Dumont, have recently been divided into a lower 
group, marked by the occurrence of Isocardia cor, and a higher containing 
Trophon antiquum. The lower sands, perhaps equivalents of the White 
Crag, have been named “ Anversien” (Antwerpian) by Mourlon. They 
contain, among other shells, Isocardia cor, Cyprina rustica, Cardita senihs, 
Lucina borealis, Astarte Omalit, Turritella incrassata ; also an abundant 
series of remarkable cetacean bones. The upper group (“Scaldisien ” 
of Mourlon) may represent the Red Crag. It contains Trophon anti- 
quum, T. gracile, Voluta Lamberti, Purpura lapillus, P. tetragona, Nassa 
reticosa, Pecten maximus, P. Gerardi, Ostrea edulis. Belgian Pliocene 
deposits, of which the precise horizons have not been determined, have 
yielded a large number of bones of marine mammalia, including seals, 
dolphins, and numerous cetaceans, as well as remains of fishes (Carcha- 
rodon, Lamna, Oxyrhina, &c.). 
Mayence Basin.—Above the Miocene beds, described on p. 866, 
lies a group of sands and gravels with lignite (Knochen sand), from 20 
to 30 feet thick, whence a considerable number of mammalian bones 
have been obtained at Eppelsheim, near Worms. Among these the 
Deinotherium giganteum occurs, Showing the long survival of this animal 
in central Europe; also Mastodon angustidens, Rhinoceros incisivus, and 
other species, Hippotheriwm gracile, several species of Sus, five or more 
of Cervus, and some of Felis. 
Vienna Basin.—IJn consecutive conformable order above the Miocene 
strata described on p. 866, come the highest Tertiary beds of this area, 
referred to the Pliocene period and known by the name of the “ C on- 
gerian stage,” from the abundance in them of the molluscan genus 
Congeria (Fig. 421). They are separable into two tolerably well defined 
zones, which in descending order are: 

p. 245, and his Antiquity of Man; Prestwich, Q. J. Geol. Soc. xxvii. pp. 325, 452; Geo- 
logist, 1861, p. 68; C. Reid, Geol. Mag. Dec. 2, iv. p. 300; vii. p. 55, 548, and his 
monograph on the Cromer district, which will shortly appear in the Memoirs Geol. Surv. 
' Gaudry, Matériaux pour U Histoire des Temps Quaternaires, 1876. 
* Mourlon, Gél. Belg, Van Beneden, “ Description des Ossements Fossiles des 
Environs d’Anyers,” Mus, Roy. Belgique, vol. iv. 
ella 
