898 STRATIGRAPHICAL GEOLOGY. [Boox VL 
(Succinea oblonga, Pupa muscorum, Helix hispida), together with bones of 
recent and extinct mammals. A similar deposit occupies a wide area in 
the valley of the Danube, and occurs also in that of the Meuse. The 
occurrence of traces of man in association with remains of extinct 
mammals in the loess was claimed by Ami Boué many years ago. Other 
confirmatory observations of later years seem to have established the 
fact. : 
France.—In France the true till or boulder-clay appears to be 
absent, as it is also from the south of England. The older Pleistocene 
deposits (perhaps interglacial) consist of fluviatile gravels and clays 
which, in their composition, belong to the drainage systems in which 
they occur. There is no evidence of transport from a distance. The 
rivers, however, were probably much larger than they now are during 
some part of the Pleistocene period. They have left their ancient plat- 
forms of alluvium high above the present watercourses. In the Paris 
basin the Pleistocene beds are grouped in descending order as follows: 
Red Diluvium—red or grey clays with flints and angular pebbles, sometimes 
exhibiting contorted stratification. These clays. probably of different ages, 
are found on the higher river terraces as well as on the slopes and lower 
levels. They possibly belong to the period of the second glaciation. 
Grey Diluvium, gravelly diluvium—gyrey or red coarse river-gravels, perhaps 
inter-glacial, with numerous organic remains, including many terrestrial and 
fresh-water shells, most of which are of still living species, and numerous 
mammalian bones, among which are Rhinoceros tichorhinus, R. etruscus, R. 
leptorhinus, Hippopotamus major, Elephas antiquus, EH. primigenius, wild 
boar, stag, roe, ibex, Canadian elk, musk-sheep, urus, beaver, cave-bear, wolf, 
fox, cave-hyzena, and cave-lion. Paleolithic implements show that man was 
a contemporary of these animals. 
Belgium.—The Quaternary deposits of this country, like those of 
France, belong to a former condition of the present river basins. In the 
higher tracts they are confined to the valleys, but over the plains they 
spread as more or less continuous sheets. ‘Thus, in the valley of the 
Meuse, the gravel terraces of older diluvium on either side bear witness 
only to transport within the drainage basin of the river, though frag- 
ments of the rocks of the far Vosges may be detected in them. The 
gravels are stratified, and are generally accompanied by an upper sandy 
clay. In middle Belgium the lower diluvial gravels are covered by ~ 
a yellow clay or mud (Hesbayan), probably a continuation of the German 
loess, with numerous terrestrial shells (Succinea oblonga, Pupa muscorum, 
Helix hispida). In lower Belgium this clay is replaced by the Campinian 
sands. ‘lhe Belgian caverns and some parts of the diluvium have yielded 
a large number of mammalian remains, among which there is the same 
commingling of types from cold and from warm latitudes so observable 
in the Pleistocene beds of England and France. Thus the Arctic rein- 
deer and glutton are found with the Alpine chamois and marmot, and 
with the lion and grizzly bear. 
Switzerland.—The successive stages of the glacial period have 
been arranged as under : 
Post-glacial. Ancient lacustrine terraces (150 feet above present level of Lake 
of Geneva), deltas, and river gravels with Limnea stagnalis and other fresh-- 
water shells, bones of mammoth (?). : 
Second extension of the glaciers. Erratic blocks and terminal moraines of 
Zurich, Baldegg, Sempach, Bern, with an Arctic flora and fauna. 
