906 ‘STRATIGRAPHICAL GEOLOGY.  [Boox VI. 
potamus, lynx, leopard, and caffer cat; but, on the other hand, the 
great majority of the forms are northern, such as the glutton, 
Arctic fox, reindeer, Norwegian lemming, Aretic lemming, marmot, 
and musk-sheep. With these are associated a number of extinct 
forms, including the Irish elk, Elephas primigenius or mammoth, 
E. antiquus, Rhinoceros megarhinus, R. tichorhinus, R. leptorhinus, 
and cave-bear. That man was the contemporary of these animals 
is proved by the frequent occurrence of undoubtedly human imple- 
ments formed of roughly chipped flints, &e., associated with their 
bones. Much more rarely portions of human skeletons have been 
recovered from the same deposits. The men of the time appear to 
have camped in rock-shelters and caves, and to have lived by fishing 

















































































































































































Fic. 429.—Nerouiruic Stone IMPLEMENT. 
and by hunting the reindeer, bison, horse, mammoth, rhinoceros, 
cave-bear, and other animals. ‘That they were not without some 
kind of culture is shown by the vigorous incised sketches and 
carvings which they have left behind on reindeer antlers, mammoth 
tusks, and other bones, depicting the animals with which they were 
daily familiar. Some of these drawings are especially valuable as 
they represent forms of life long ago extinct, such as the mammoth 
and caye-bear. The men who in Paleolithic time inhabited the 
caves of Kurope must have had much similarity if not actual kinship 
to the modern Eskimos. 
Nrovirnic.—The deposits whence the history of Neolithic man 
is compiled must vary widely in age. Some of them were no doubt 
contemporaneous with parts of the Paleolithic series, others with 
the Bronze and Iron series. rh consist of cavern deposits, allu- 
vial accumulations, peat-mosses, lake-bottoms, pile-dwellings, and 
shell-mounds. 

