-. INDEX. 
Lake-terraces, 901 
Lakes, abundant in northern part of 
northern hemisphere, 417, 888, 927; 
must generally be of recent origin, 39+ ; 
not part of the ordinary erosion of 
running water, 391; modes of origin of, 
926; formed by volcanic action, 230, 
240; by ponding back of streams by 
lava, 230, 927; by subterranean move- 
ment, 395, 926; by subsidence from 
_ solution of rock-salt, 355; by subsidence 
from falling in of roofs of caverns, 357 ; 
by barriers of detritus or of ice, 927; 
by glacier-erosion, 417, 888, 927 
fresh-water, 391; temperature of, 
392; saline (salt and bitter), 399; 
frozen, 401 
geological functions of, 392; equa- 
lize temperature, 392 ; regulate drainage, 
392; filter river-water, 373, 393; are 
filled up by streams, 385; inorganic 
deposits of (beaches and terraces), 389, 
393, 394, 395, 901; chemical deposits of, 
174, 394, 462; organic deposits of, 394; 
turned into peat-mosses, 460; preserva- 
tion of organic remains in, 604 
affected by earthquakes, 272; 
former existence of shown by fossils, 612 
Lamantin, early species of, 865 
Lamine, 474 
Laminated structure of rocks, 88 
Lamna, 807, 840, 842*, 876 
Land, distribution of, 35; elevation of, 
274; subsidence of, 281; origin of great 
ridges of, 286; composed mostly of 
marine formations, 910; due mainly to 
upheaval, 910; but the contours chiefly 
the work of erosion, 911; origin of 
contours of, 913; some features of due 
to voleanic action, 920; preservation of 
organic remains on, 604; proximity of 
in geological history shown by fossils, 
612, 613 
Land-sculpture, 921 
Land-snail limestone (Miocene), 866 
Land-snails, earliest known, 732 
Land-surfaces shown by fossils, 612 
Landenien (Systeme), 849 
Landslips produced by earthquakes, 271, 
272; by solution of rock-salt beds, 355 ; 
by percolating water, 357 ; effects of on 
river action, 368 . 
Laosaurus, 801 
Lapilli, 162, 205 
Laramie group, 832, 833 
Lastrea, 858 
Laurel (Laurus), early forms of, 829, 845, 
855, 860, 862, 871, 877 
Laurentian rocks, 638, 640, 645 
Lava, definition of, 203; order of appear- 
ance of kinds of, 253, 265; impregnation 
of with vapours, 203; specific gravity 
of, 204; structure and texture of, 204, 
219, 228; liquidity of, 211, 219, 224; 




953 
temperature of liquid, 227, 277; aspect 
of flowing, 219, 228; flow of, 220; 
hydrostatic pressure of, 213, 221; 
‘* geysirs ” of, 222; rate of flow of, 223; 
consolidation of, 105; erystallization of, 
226; devitrification of, 227; metamor- 
phism by, 227, 231; size of flows of, 
224; inclination of flows, 228; thick- 
ness of flows, 224, 228; structure of 
flows, 228; contraction of, 229; vapours 
and sublimations of, 229, 298; slow 
cooling of, 46, 229; weathering of, 232; 
mud (see Mud-lava); influence in tupo- 
graphy, 230 
Lava-cones, 245 
Lead, flow of solid, 313 
TLeatia, 724 
Leda, 723, 847, 859, 875, 895* 
Leiodon, 808 
Leithakalk, 867 
Lemming in Glacial Period, 891, 906 
Lemuria, supposed submerged continent 
of, 283 
Lenita, 850 
Leopard, during Glacial Period, 891, 906 
Leperditia, 658, 664, 724 
Lepidaster, 664 
Lepidodendron, 708, 715, 725, 728, 729* ; 
as a type-fossil, 615 
Lepidolite, 73 
Lepidophloios, 728 
Lepidophyllum, 734 
Lepidostrobus, 728, 729* 
Lepidotosaurus, 753 
Lepidotus, 775, 817 
Leptzna, 665, 679*, 696, 
Leptodomus, 723 
Leptodon, 878 
Leptolepis, 775 
Leptomeryx, 869 
Leptophleum, 708 
Leptynite, 125 
Lettenkohle, 767 
Leucite, 78, 99 
Leucite-rocks, 150 
Leucitophyre, 150 
Leucoxene, 69 
Lewisian gneiss, 640 
Lherzolite, 151 
Lias formations, 785; zones of, 621 
Liassien, 798 
Libellula, 786 
Libocedrus, 862 
Liburnian Stage, 852 
Lichas, 664 
Life, geological action of, 452; succession 
of in Geological Record, 615, 631 
Lightning, effects of, 318 
Lignilites, 313 
Lignite, 170; formation of, 306; inter- 
glacial, 899 
Lignitic Series of North America, 625, 832, 
773, T75*, 789 
Lima, 762, 774, 776", 806, 847 
