964 : 
800; Tertiary, 851, 859, 861, 869, 870, 
“NOTE 
Salt lakes of terrestrial origin, 395; of 
oceanic origin, 396 
Salt Lake, Great (Utah), history of, 395; 
composition of water of, 398; deposits 
of, 400 ; efflorescences around, 327 
Salt range of Punjab, 693 
Salt water, destructive effects of upon 
fauna of brackish water, 607 
Sambre, delta of, 389 
Sand, characters of, 155; erosion by wind- 
blown, 320; drift, 8322: wind-blown, 
compacted into stone, 324, 438 
Sand-dunes, formation of, 155; influence 
of plants in protecting, 456 
Sandgate Beds, 818 
Sandstone, varieties of, 158; durability of, 
335; formation of, 490, 498; distinguish- 
able from mica-schist, 124, and from 
quartzite, 127 
Sanguinolites, 723 
Sanidine, 71 
Sansino (Italian Pliocene), 878 
Santorin, volcanic phenomena of, 202, 206, 
207, 213, 215, 219, 225, 227, 232, 251, 
253 
Sao, 659 
Saodne, floods of the, 359 
Saportxa, 758 
Sarcophilus, 881 
Sarmatian Stage, 867 
Sarsaparilla, 871 
Sarsen stones, 342 
Sassafras, 803, 860, 871 
Saturn, planet, 8 
Saurians, earliest traces of, 749 
Saurichthys, 775 
Saussurite, 73 
Saxicava, 895* 
Saxony, coal-field of, 748 ; Cretaceous rocks 
of, 802, 829 
Scalaria, 840, 874, 875* 
Scaldisien (Systeme), 876 
Scandinavia, fjelds or table-lands of, 40, 
924; snow line in, 403; glaciers of, 
404, 406, 407, 418; terraces of, 280, 
893; rise of land in, 276, 277; subsi- 
dence in, 284; Archaean rocks of, 644; 
Cambrian, 657; Silurian, 686; Old Red 
Sandstone, 717; Avicula contorta zone 
in, 767; glaciation of, 415, 885, 887, 
896; raised beaches of, 893 
Scaphaspis, 681, 712 
Scaphites, 807, 809* 
Scaur Limestone, 737 
Scenery, geological origin of, 910-928 
Schalstein, 165 
Scheldt, delta of, 389 
“ Schiste” or shale, 161 
Schist, definition of, 119 
Schistose rocks, 118 
Schistose structure, 88, 118, 129; origin 
of, 306; compared with streaked struc- 
s 
INDEX. 
ture of trachytes, 307; passes into 
granitoid, 308; artificially produced, 301, 
307, 308 
Schists, crystalline, as part of the earth’s 
crust, 659; characters of, 579; weather- 
ing of, 338; origin of, 120, 125, 570, 
578, 586; possibly sometimes metamor- 
phosed eruptive rocks and tuffs, 587 (see 
Archean and Metamorphism) 
Schists, spotted, 580 
Schizodus, 723, 752* 
Schizoneura, 761 
Schizopteris, 748 
Schoharie Grit, 704 
Schorl. 80 
Schrattenkalk, 829 
Sciurus, 875 
Scolithus, 658, 664 
Scoriaceous structure, 89 
Scorpions, earliest known, 732, 749 
Scotland (see Britain) 
Scyphia, 797, 804 
Sea, why preponderant in 8. hemisphere, 
12; distribution and depth of, 32; depth 
of indicated by form of coast-line, 449; 
antiquity of basins of, 911; subsidence of 
bed of, 287; form of bottom of, 32; com- 
position and density of water of, 33; 
movements of, 418; tides of, 418; cur- 
rents of, 327, 420, 426; distribution of 
temperature in, 420; Polar waiter on 
floor of, 420; waves, breakers, and 
ground-swell of, 422, 428; depth at 
which the bottom may be disturbed, 423 ; 
geological work of, 426; influence of on 
climate, 27, 426; chemical action of, 426, 
469; oxidation by water of, 427; me- 
chanical erosion of, 255, 281, 427; trans- 
port by, 434, 438; work of ice in, 423; 
chemical deposits of, 436, 441, 469; me- 
chanical deposits of, 437; organic de- 
posits of, 461, 463, 469, 606, 607; 
abysmal deposits of, unlike any geolo- 
gical formation visible on the land, 
441, 608; exaggerated estimates of de- 
nuding power of 447; denudation by 
compared with that of subaerial agents, 
448; final result of erosion by, in the 
formation of a submarine plain, 449; 
general conservative influence of, 45] 
(see Marine) 
Sea-calf, early forms of, 865 
Sea-caves as proofs of upheaval, 277 
Sea-level assumed to be constant, 275; 
alteration of, 275 
Seals in Caspian Sea and Lake Baikal, 
397 
Secondary minerals, 61 
Secondary or Mesozoic Systems, 759 
Secretions, 89 
Sediment necessary for river erosion, 373; 
rate of subsidence of in water, 435, 
439 
Sedimentary rocks, 108; lenticular cha- 
ae 
