122 DESCRIPTIONS OF MINERALS. 
with porphyries. The chlorides and native amalgams are found in 
regions more toward the coast, while the sulphides and antimonial 
cres abound nearer the Cordilleras. The richest mines are not far dis- 
tant from Copiapo, in the mcuntains north of the valley of Huasco. 
The mines of Mt. Chanarcillo, about 16 leagues south of Copiapo, 
abound in horn silver, and begin to yield argenio-sulphides at a depth 
of about 500 feet. ‘ihe mines of Punta Brava, which are nearer the 
Cordilleras, afford the arsenical and antiimonial cres. 
In Peru, the principal mines are in the districts of Pasco, Chota, and 
Huantaya. Those of Pasco are 15,70) feet above the sea, while those 
of Huantaya are in a low desert plain, near the port of ¥Yquique, in the 
southern part of Peru. The ores afforded are the same as in Chilli. 
The mines of Huantaya are noted for the large masses of native silver 
they have afforded. Silver is obtained in Peru, also, in the districts of 
Caxamarca, Pataz, Huamanchuco, and Hualgaycc. 
The Potosi mines in Bolivia, cecur in a mountain of argillaceous 
shale, whose summit is covered by a bed of argillaceous porphyry. 
The ore is the ruby silver, and argentite with native silver. The dis- 
trict of Caracoles, between Chili and Bolivia, yields much silver. 
In Europe the principal mines are those of Spain, the province of 
Guadalajara, where the ore is chiefly freieslebenite ; cf Kongsberg in 
Norway ; of Saxony, chiefly at Freiberg ; the Hartz ; in Austria, Hun- 
gary, ‘l'ransylvania, and the Banat ; and Russia. The minesof Kongs- 
berg occur in gneiss and hornblende slate, in a gangue of cale spar. 
They were especially rich in native silver. 
The mines of Saxony occur mostly in gneiss, in the vicinity of Frei- 
berg, Hhrenfriedensdorf, Johanngeorgenstadt, Annaberg, and Schnee- 
berg. 
The ores of the Hartz are mostly argentiferous copper pyrites and 
galena, yet the ruby silver, argentite, stephanite, occur, especially at 
Andreaskreutz, and the mincs of that vicinity. The rock intersected 
by the deposits is mostly an argillaceous shale. - Calcite is the usual 
gangue, though it is sometimes quariz. 
In the Tyrol, Austria, argentite, argentiferous tetrahedrite, ana mis- 
pickel oecur in a gangeue of quartz, in argillaceous schist. The Hun- 
garian mines at Schemnitz and Kremnitz, occur in syenyte and hern- 
blende porphyry, ina gangue of quartz, often with calcite or barite 
(heavy spar), and sometimes fivorite. The ores are argentite. tetrahe- 
drite, galena, blende, pyritous copper and iron; and the galena and 
copper ores are argentiferous. France produces some silver from ar- 
gentiferous galena at Huelgoet in Brittany, and the mines of Pontgi- 
baud, Puy-de-Dome. 
The Russian mines are in Kolyvan in the Altai, and Nertchinsk in 
the Daouria Mountains, Siberia (east of Lake Baikal). The Daouria 
mines afford an argentiferous galena which is worked for its silver ; 
it cecurs in a crystalline limestone. The silver ores of the Altai occur 
in Silurian schists in the vicinity of porphyry, which contain also 
gold, copper, and lead ores. 
‘he mines of Mexico are most abundant between 18° and 24° north 
latitude, on the back or sides of the Cordilleras, and especially the 
west side ; and the principal ave those of the districts of Guanaxuato. 
Zacatecas, Fresnillo, Sombrerete, Caterce, Oaxaca, Pachuca, Real del 
Monte, Batopilas,.and Tasco. The vcins traverse very different rocks 
