144 DESCRIPTIONS OF MINERALS. 
Hinelant fs so 55 cece cee eee ee 5,600 tons. 
PUSSIAs I 6 oh ee Re es Seen 8,000 << 
ERIS Tettc §. oft ek te aa nae Cn ae aa 6,500 ‘ 
1 OU Ra Pots cy gemares Msahe pene RI PRN RS. so Ens C8 3,000 “* 
sweden and. Nonwaga- nsec foe ae 2,500 “‘ 
SSA ear eae eee Creer ee Te 1;000, 55 
Portugal, cc, Sots Sere tay cae ages es 5,500 <“‘ 
UE OPI eeeioarae ger ete ure an ortay Pe bnr GS ew L COCR 
South Amstraliax.:% 5: .tyssa ee ae ae 12,000 <“ 
Outi, AimiGa, s.osiot ae) ce a te ee eae 7,000 “ 
Chilivand:is olivaldnestanca: thes sei parek onto 46,500“ 
muted! (States. ses cu faladan yee eee 12,600 << 
The total annual production is estimated by Phillips at 126,000 to 
130,000 tons. 
The metal copper was known in the earliest periods and was used 
mostly alloyed with tin, forming bronze. The mines of Nubia and 
Ethiopia are believed to have produced a great part of the copper of 
the early Egyptians. Eubzea and Cyprus are also mentioned as afiord- 
ing this metal to the Greeks. It was employed for cutting instru- 
ments and weapons, as well as for utensils ; and bronze chisels are at 
this day found at the Egyptian stone-quarries, that were once em- 
ployed in quarrying. This bronze (chalkos of the Greeks, and @s of 
the Romans) consisted of about 5 parts of copper to 1 of tin, a propor- 
tion which produces an alloy of maximum hardness. Nearly the 
same material was used in early times over Hurope ; and weapons and 
tools have been found consisting of copper, edged with iron, indicating 
the scarcity of the latter metal. Similar weapons have also been 
found in Britain ; yet it is certain that iron and steel were well known 
to the Romans and later Greeks, and to some extent used for warlike 
weapons and cutlery. Bronze is hardened by hammering or pressure. 
Copper knives, axes, chisels, spear heads, bracelets, etc., have been 
found in the Indian Mounds of Wisconsin, Illinois, and the neighbor- 
ing States ; and there is evidence that the Indians, besides using drift 
masses of copper, knew of the copper veins of Northern Michigan, and 
worked them, especially in the Ontonagon region, where their tools 
and excavations have been discovered. 
Copper at the present day is very various in its applications in the 
arts. It is largely employed for utensils, for the sheathing of ships, 
and for coinage. Alloyed with zinc it constitutes brass, and with tin 
it forms bell-metal as well as bronze. 
Brass consists of copper 65 per cent., zine 35 ; with 53°5 per cent. of 
zine the alloy is silver-white ; casting brass of 65-72 copper, 35-28 
zine ; or molu or Dutch metal, of 70-85 copper, 15-25 zinc, with 03 of 
each, lead and tin ; brass for lathe-work of 60-70 copper, 28-38 zinc, 2 
lead ; Muntz metal, for the sheathing of ships, 60 copper, 89 zinc, 
1 lead ; spelter solder for brass, copper 50, zine 50. 
Bronze for medals consists of copper 98, tin 7; for speculum meial, 
copper §9, tin 80, arsenic 10 ; for casting bronze, copper 82-83, tin 1-3, 
zinc 17-18; for gun-metal, copper 85-92, tin 8-15; for bell-metal, 
copper 65-80, tin 20-35, antimony 0-2; antique bronze, copper 67-95, 
tin 8-15, lead 0-1, zine 0-15. 
Lord Rosse used for the speculum of his great telescope, 126 parts 

