IRON. 187 
of war, among the ancient Egyptians and earlier Greeks ; and even 
among the Romans (as proved by the relics from Pompeii), and also 
throughout Europe, it continued long to be extensively employed for 
these purposes. f 
The Chalybes, bordering on the Black Sea, were workers in iron and 
steel at an early period ; and near the year 500 B.C., this metal was 
introduced from that region into Greece, so as to become common for 
weapons of war. From this source we have the expression chulybeate 
applied to certain substances or waters containing iron. 
The iron mines of Spain have also been known from a remote epoch, 
and it is supposed that they have been worked ‘‘at least ever since 
the times of the later Jewish kings; first by the Tyrians, next by the 
Carthaginians, then by the Romans, and lastly by the natives of the 
country.” These mines are mostly contained in the present provinces 
of New Castile and Aragon. Elba was another region of ancient works, 
‘‘inexhaustible in its iron,” as Pliny states, who enters somewhat fully 
into the modes of manufacture. The mines are said to have yielded | 
iron since the time of Alexander of Macedon. The ore beds of Styria 
in Lower Austria, were also a source of iron to the Romans. 
The ores from which the iron of commerce is obtained, are the 
spathic iron or carbonate, magnetic iron, hematite or specular iron, 
limonite or ‘‘ brown hematite,” and bog iron ore. In England, the prin- 
cipal ore used is an argillaceous carbonate of iron, called often clay 
iron stone, found in nodules and layers in the coal measures. It con- 
sists of carbonate of iron, with some clay, and externally has an earthy, 
stony lock, with little indication of the iron it contains except in its 
weight. It yields from 20 to 35 per cent. of cast iron. The coal basin 
of South Wales, and the counties of Stafford, Salop, York, and Derby, 
yield by far the greater part of the English iron. Brown hematite is 
also extensively worked. In Sweden and Norway, at the famous 
works of Dannemora and Arendal, the ore is the magnetic iron ore, 
and is nearly free from impurities as it is quarried out. It yields 50 to 
60 per cent. of iron. The same ore is worked in Russia, where it 
abounds in the Urals. The Elba ore is the specular iron. In Germany, 
Styria, and Carinthia, extensive beds of the spathic iron are worked. 
The bog ore is largely reduced in Prussia. 
In the United States, all these different ores are worked. The local- 
ities are already mentioned. The magnetic ore is reduced in New 
England, New York, Northerr New Jersey, and sparingly in Pennsyl- 
vania, and other States. Limonite, or brown hematite, is largely 
worked along Western New England and Eastern New York, in Penn- 
Sylvania, and many States South and West. The earthy argillaceous 
carbonate like that of England, and the hydrate, are found with the 
coal deposits, and are a source of much iron. 
The amount of iron manufactured in the world in the year 1873 was 
14,885,488 tons, of which Great Britain produced 6,566,000 tons, 
United States, 2,561,000 tons, Germany 1,665,000 tons, France 1,381,000 
tons, Belgium 653,000 tons, Austria with Hungary 425,000 tons, Russia 
304,000 tons, Sweden 322,000 tons, Luxembourg 300,000 tons. 
