x CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER X. 



THE PHYSICAL CAUSE OF MILD POLAR CLIMATES. Continued. 



PAGE 



Climate of the Tertiary period, in so far as affected by Eccen- 

 tricity. — Evidence of Alternations of Climate. — Were there 

 Glacial Epochs during the Tertiary period? — Evidence of 

 Glaciation during the Tertiary period, . . . .160 



CHAPTER XI. 



INTERGLACIAL PERIODS IN ARCTIC REGIONS. 



Interglacial Periods in Arctic Regions more marked than Glacial. 

 — Evidence from the Mammoth in Siberia. — Northern 

 Siberia much Warmer during the Mammoth Epoch than 

 now. — Evidence from Wood. — Evidence from Shells. — The 

 Mammoth Interglacial. — Main Characteristics of Inter- 

 glacial Climate. — Evidence from the Mammoth in Europe. 

 — The Mammoth Glacial as well as Interglacial. — Arctic 

 America during Interglacial Times. — Was Greenland Free 

 from Ice during any of the Interglacial Periods ? . .176 



CHAPTER XII. 



THE DISTRIBUTION OF FLORA AND FAUNA IN ARCTIC REGIONS. 



Flora and Fauna of Iceland and the Faroe Islands destroyed by 

 last Ice-sheet. — How was the present Flora and Fauna of 

 these Islands introduced ? — Professor J. Geikie's Explana- 

 tion. — Ice and Ocean Currents as Transporting Agents, . 197 



CHAPTER XIII. 



PHYSICAL CONDITIONS OF THE ANTARCTIC ICE-SHEET. 



Sir Wyville Thomson on the Antarctic ice. — Testimony of ice- 

 berg. — Temperature of the Antarctic ice. — Heat derived 

 from beneath. — Heat derived from the upper surface. — 

 Heat derived from work by compression and friction. — 

 Temperature of the ice determined by the temperature of 

 the surface. — Temperature of the ice in some regions deter- 

 mined by pressure, ........ 202 



