182 DISCUSSIONS IN CLIMATOLOGY. 



as Adamoushtshina, or of Adam's time. The first 

 living birch tree is not found nearer than three degrees 

 to the south, and then only in the form of a shrub." * 



On the hills in the interior of the island of Koteloni, 

 "Sannikow found the skulls and bones of horses, 

 buffaloes, oxen, and sheep in such abundance that these 

 animals must formerly have lived there in large herds. 

 At present, however, the icy wilderness produces 

 nothing that could afford them nourishment, nor 

 would they be able to endure the climate. Sannikow 

 concludes that a milder climate must formerly have 

 prevailed here, and that these animals may therefore 

 have been contemporary with the mammoth, whose 

 remains are found in every part of the island." f 



"Herr von Ruprecht reported to Brandt that, at 

 the mouth of the Indiga, in 67° 39' 1ST. lat., on a small 

 peninsula called Chernoi Noss, where at present only 

 very small birch bushes grow, he found rotten birch 

 trunks still standing upright, of the thickness of a 

 man's leg and the height of a man. In going up the 

 river, he met with no traces of wood until he reached 

 the port of Indiga. Here he noticed the first light-fir 

 woods growing among still standing but dead trunks. 

 And higher up the river still, the living woods fairly 

 began." J 



Schmidt says that, " where the lakes on the Tundra 

 have grown small and shallow, we find on and near 

 their banks a layer of turf, under which, in many 

 places, are remains of trees in good condition, which 

 support the other proofs that the northern limit of 

 trees has retrogressed, and that the climate here has 

 grown colder. I found, on the way from Dudino to 



* Wrangell, "Polar Sea Expedition," p. 492. 



f Ibid, p. 496. 



X Bull, of Soc. of Nat. of Moscow ; quoted by Howorth. 



