FOREIGN 



417 



the productive coal beds being below and the great bulk of the 

 limestone above. This younger Carboniferous limestone is often 

 called the Fusiilina limestone, being principally composed of shells 

 belonging to that genus of Foraminifera (PL VI, Fig. 1). Great 

 areas of southern and eastern Asia are covered by this limestone, 

 which is also largely developed in western North America, extend- 

 ing as far east as Illinois. In southern Europe, Spain, the south 

 of France, the Alps, and the Balkan peninsula, the Lower Carbo- 

 niferous is partly limestone and partly culm, while the Upper is 

 largely made up of the Fusulina limestone. In the Arctic Sea, 

 Nova Zembla, Spitzbergen, and Greenland have Upper Carbonif- 

 erous limestones. 



The following table, from Kayser, displays the relations of the 

 Carboniferous beds in eastern and western Europe. 





Littoral and 

 Lacustrine Facies 



Marine Facies 



Upper 

 Carboniferous. 



Productive 



Coal Measures 



(Western Europe). 



Younger Carboniferous or 



Fusulina Limestone 



(Russia, etc.). 



Lower 

 Carboniferous. 



Productive 

 Coal Measures 

 (Russia, etc.). 



Lower Carboniferous 



Limestone 

 (Western Europe). 



Culm 

 (Germany). 



In western Europe the Carboniferous period did not run such 

 a tranquil course as in North America, but was broken by disturb- 

 ances, of which the greatest were at the close of the Lower Car- 

 boniferous epoch, when the rocks were folded and upturned over 

 extensive regions. These movements were accompanied and fol- 

 lowed by volcanic outbursts, especially in Scotland, France, and 

 Germany, and great eruptions occurred in China at the end of 

 the period. 



In Asia are large areas of Lower Carboniferous limestone and 

 culm, and of the Upper Carboniferous both Fusulina limestone 

 and productive coal measures. China is one of the richest coun- 

 tries in the world in supplies of coal. 

 2 E 



