MIOCENE 



517 



deer's antlers. A number of weasel- and otter-like Carnivores 

 came in from the Old World, while the Wolves, Panthers, and 

 Sabre-tooth Tigers were very numerous. Besides the true Rumi- 

 nants, the American type of Camels and Llamas continued to 

 flourish in such genera as Procamelus, Pliauchenia, and others. 

 The Loup Fork Horses (Protohippus and Hippotheriutn) are much 

 more modern in character and larger in size than their predeces- 

 sors, but still have three toes on each foot. The Rhinoceroses are 

 very abundant, and form a peculiar American genus {Aphelops) of 

 massive, hornless animals. The Atlantic coast Miocene has yielded 

 numbers of Dolphins, Sperm and Whalebone Whales. 



Fig. 168. — Skeleton of Aphelops fossiger. (Osborn.) 



In Europe the Upper Miocene mammals were, in general, like 

 those of North America, but a salient difference is in the much 

 greater number of early types of Deer and Antelopes which are 

 found there, together with various forms of Swine and ancestral 

 Bears. Besides the Mastodons, which were common to both con- 

 tinents, Europe had in Dinotherium a remarkable kind of elephant ; 

 this animal had a much flattened head and a pair of massive, 

 backwardly curved tusks in the lower jaw. 



The climate of the early Miocene was much like that of the Oli- 

 gocene and decidedly warmer in Europe than in North America, 

 though it was mild even in the latter. The difference seems to have 

 been largely due to the manner in which Europe was intersected 

 by arms and gulfs of the warm southern sea. In the Upper Miocene 

 the climate became somewhat cooler on both sides of the ocean. 



